DISPLAY OF PLANTS DISPLAY OF PLANTS
expansion of the species' range due to the dispersal of plant diaspores and their naturalization in new places. Dispersal of diaspores (spores, seeds, fruits) is carried out by wind (anemochory), water (hydrochory), animals (zoochory) or humans (anthropochory). Most effective in terms of range of introduction are anthropochory (see ALIEN PLANTS) and ornitochory. The usual distance in nature for the introduction of diaspores is up to 1 km (less often - several km). Successful R. r., i.e. the appearance on the inhabited territory. seed growth and its achievement of a state of stable reproduction is determined by the number of introduced diaspores, soil-climatic. and biotic. (intensity of competition, presence and number of pollinators, composition of pests, etc.) conditions in the area of settlement. R.r. in nature, it is carried out, as a rule, only gradually within and along the periphery of the species’ range; however, it can also be spasmodic (over long distances at once).
Fruits that scatter seeds: 1 - crazy cucumber; 2 - oxalis; 3 - ranks. blown by the wind: 4 - ailanthus; 5 - pteley; 6 - clover (6a - fruit in longitudinal section); 7 - dandelion; 8 - anemones. Spread by animals: 9 - bedstraw (9a - hooked bristles of the fruit); 10 - torilis (10a - fruit thorns); 11 - sedges; 12 - sage (12a - glands on the fruit calyx that secrete sticky liquid)..(Source: “Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary.” Editor-in-chief M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial Board: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected . - M.: Sov.
See what "PLANT DISPLAY" is in other dictionaries:
Expanding the area of distribution of the range of certain species through the dispersal of their rudiments (seeds, spores) and naturalization (See Naturalization) in new places. R.r. depends on the number of viable primordia produced by the plant...
DISPLAY OF PLANTS- expansion of the distribution area of certain species through the dispersal of their rudiments (seeds, spores) and naturalization in new places...
A type of spatial redistribution of living beings. Distribution Dispersal is the movement in space of individuals, their spores, gametes, or special dispersal organs. It can occur both in the territory occupied by this species and in... ... Wikipedia
Otherwise, phytogeography and geobotany (Grisebach in 1866). Branch of Botany and Geography. From the point of view of the first, the causes and laws of the distribution and distribution of plants on the earth's surface are studied; this is geographical botany. From point of view… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
PLANT MIGRATIONS- dispersal of plant species from the centers of their origin to new regions... Dictionary of botanical terms
BIOLOGICAL METHODS OF PLANT PROTECTION- use of interspecific trophic relationships established in biocenoses between species (predator and prey) to control the number of pests and pathogens of plants. Thus, to combat the harmful weed broomrape (Orobanche) successfully... Ecological dictionary
Anthropogenic dispersal of species- the process of their settlement along one or another transport artery: a) canals connecting various sea basins, for example, along the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean Sea (Red Sea crab Neptunus palagious, etc.), along the Volga Don Canal from the Black Sea... ... Ecological dictionary
Phytomorphology, the science of the structural patterns and processes of plant formation in their individual and evolutionary historical development. One of the most important branches of botany (See Botany). As M. r. develops. stood out from it... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
plant protection- plant protection, 1) a comprehensive system of measures in agriculture and forestry to prevent and eliminate harm caused to plants by pests, diseases and weeds, based on a combination of various methods and means (organizationally ... Agriculture. Large encyclopedic dictionary
The world
Class: 1
UMK: Promising Primary School
Type of training session: Explanation of new material.
Lesson topic: How plants spread to new places.
Tasks of the teacher: create conditions for students to become familiar with the characteristics of the distribution of fruits and seeds of plants (with the help of wind, animals, humans, water) in nature; find out the distinctive features of fruits and seeds distributed by wind, animals, and humans.
Planned results:
Subject UUD: be able to analyze the structure of the seed and draw conclusions about the methods of distribution of each plant; compose a story about the journey of fruits and seeds of their native land.
Regulatory UUD: accept and maintain a learning task appropriate to the stage of learning.
Cognitive UUD: analyze the studied objects of the surrounding world, highlighting their distinctive features.
Communicative UUD: express your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy as a result of a dialogue or game situation, be able to reason and draw conclusions; be able to argue your point of view.
Personal UUD: understand the need for cooperation with the teacher.
Equipment: Computer, projector, presentation support for the lesson, seeds, plant fruits, magnifying glasses, TV, DVD player for the film “Luntik”.
During the classes:
I. Organizational beginning.
The cheerful bell rang.
We are ready to start the lesson.
We will listen, answer -
And help each other.
II. Updating basic knowledge.
Today we continue our conversation about plants. Let's remember what we already know about them.
What groups are plants divided into? (Trees, shrubs, herbs) SLIDE 1
How are plants different? (Trunk, several trunks, juicy soft stems)
GAME “Trees, shrubs, herbs” (signal cards + presentation + name) SLIDE 2
What do trees, shrubs and herbs have in common? (Root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seeds) SLIDE 3
How to distinguish the fruit from other parts of the plant? (The fruit is formed in place of the flower, there are seeds inside the fruit)
Why are plants called part of living nature? (...give offspring...)
Which part of the plant helps plants reproduce?
CONCLUSION: All plants are divided into trees, shrubs and herbs. Every plant has the same plant parts. Plants are part of living nature. One of the signs is that they give birth and reproduce.
III.Setting the topic of the lesson.
What question do we have to answer today? Read page 22 in the textbook. (How plants move to new places) SLIDE 4
We know that, for example, raspberries can be found both in the forest and in the garden, and dandelion grows in the forest in clearings, and in fields, and in meadows, and in the city! HOW did these and other plants settle in different places, since they cannot move on their own, the plants do not have legs?
Let's try to answer using a fragment of the cartoon "Luntik".
IV. Children's discovery of new knowledge.
1. Dispersal by wind
How did the dandelion end up in its new place?
Which part of the plant helped the dandelion move to a new location?
What else was needed for the seed to fly to a new place? (Wind)
It turns out that the wind not only helps the dandelion, but also other plants. Open the reader to page 10. “How trees make friends with the wind.” I will read it, and you, looking at the pictures at the bottom of the page, prepare an answer to the question: What trees and how are they friendly with the wind? SLIDE 5
Find a maple seed in the plate. What feature do plant seeds have that the wind helps disperse to new places? (“Wings”) What about the dandelion?
CONCLUSION: With the help of the wind, the seeds of plants that have special adaptations that look like “wings”, some plants are dispersed to new places.
2. Resettlement with the help of animals.
Take and examine from a plate a fruit with seeds of the next plant. How do you feel? (It pricks, clings)
Whoever touches
He clings to him.
Affectionate and caustic,
There are needles sticking out all around. (Burdock, burdock) SLIDE 6
Find this plant in your textbook. Help each other. Find the fruit with burdock seeds in the picture on the left. Who helps them settle to new places? (Dog, fox, man)
The seeds of the string also cling to the fur of animals and the feathers of birds.
Like passengers on a fast train with thorns: they hooked on and drove off. They detached and sprouted.
What adaptations do fruits and seeds of plants have that move onto animals, like on a train?
CONCLUSION: Indeed, the dry fruits of some plants are equipped with various attachments. If you walk along a vacant lot or the bank of a river overgrown with weeds in the fall, you will definitely end up with a whole collection of tenacious burdock fruits and strings on your clothes. Just like with clothing, the fruits of these plants attach to the fur of animals and the feathers of birds, acquiring the ability to be transported to new places.
3. Resettlement with the help of humans.
FISMUTKA:
So we planted a tree,
The seed was buried in the ground. (Straighten up, stomp your feet and sit down.)
A thin sprout has grown, (Stand up, stretch (check your posture).
He is both slender and tall, (Arms to the sides.)
And others blossomed
They started moving together. (Fingers to the sides and move them.)
A cheerful wind blew
And shakes the branches. (Alternately wave your arms up and down.)
Who helped the plant spread in physical time? (HUMAN)
Look at the picture on page 23. What long-term experiment is proposed? What is he talking about?
PLANTAIN “Trace of the White” - this is what the Indians called the plantain, because the seeds of this plant, stuck with the dirt on the shoes of immigrants from Europe, crossed the ocean and came to America. Everywhere where travelers from Europe set foot, this unpretentious plant grew. One copy of the plant produces 8-60 thousand seeds, which is why it spreads so quickly! The seed pod contains mucus, and ripened seeds become sticky due to dampness. With the onset of autumn rains, the roads become wet and, together with the mud, the seeds stick to the shoes of passers-by, wheels, and wander around the world. SLIDE 7
CONCLUSION: Man not only deliberately disperses many plants, but also, without suspecting it, carries very small seeds of some plants around the Earth on the sole of his shoe.
4. Resettlement with the help of birds.
The fruits of which plant are still in the plate?
Green in the spring, tanned in the summer,
Autumn has come to the garden and lit the red flag. (Rowan)
Look at the picture in the textbook who helps them settle in new places? (Birds, thrush)
Why them? (Bird food)
The bright, tasty fruits of bird cherry, raspberry, and viburnum attract many birds. In flight, birds can drop fruits with seeds, and they will germinate far from the mother plant.
What kind of birds are these? SLIDE 8
JAY
NUTHATCH
KEDROVKA
CONCLUSION: The distribution of fruits and seeds is facilitated by animals (squirrels, chipmunks), who store them in reserve. Uneaten or lost seeds often germinate under favorable conditions. SLIDE 9
It turns out that seeds can travel in the stomachs of birds. Eating the fruit along with the pulp, they swallow the seeds. The pulp is digested in the stomach and intestines, and the seeds, protected by a thick skin, pass undigested and are thrown out somewhere with the droppings. This is how the seeds end up in a new place. SLIDE 10
THRUSH
WASHINGTLE
CONCLUSION: How do birds help plants disperse? Why these plants?PHYSICAL MINUTE “Nuthatch-jay-nutcracker”
5. Resettlement by insects.
Look at the picture in the textbook.
In a clearing near the fir trees, a house is built from needles.
It is not visible behind the grass, but there are a million residents in it. (Ants and anthill)
Why are ants attracted to seeds? (Perhaps they are used to build an anthill)
The seeds carried by ants are rich in tasty and nutritious oil. Ants store this tasty food for future use. The ants eat some of the seeds, and take others outside along with the accumulated debris. This is how the seeds of violet, celandine, lungwort, and ash are dispersed. SLIDE 11
6. Resettlement using water.
Guess the riddle. The answer is in the picture in the center of the textbook.
It flows and flows - it won’t leak; runs and runs but won’t run out. (River)
Do you think the river carries seeds?
Have you ever noticed how leaves, fluff, and seeds float down the river? The fruits and seeds of some plants travel like tiny boats on the water.
Seeds and fruits of coastal plants are dispersed by water. The fruits have air cavities, so they are light and buoyant. This is how the fruits of sedge, willow, and alder spread. SLIDE 12
The fruits of the coconut palm, growing along the shores of oceanic islands, can travel for a long time until the sea current washes them to the shore.
7. They spread their fruits and seeds themselves.
RADIC CUCUMBER SLIDE 13
CONCLUSION: How do plants disperse in nature? SLIDE14
V. Consolidation.
A) Logical lotto.
And now we will play logical lotto. You have large envelopes on your desk. Take them. Place a canvas with pictures in front of you. Select cards with fruits and seeds of plants and match them with the method of settlement. Look at the screen and check the answers.
B) Signal cards. "I agree - I disagree"
Plants move to new places to spread their species.
Plants spread in nature using leaves.
The distribution of plants in nature occurs with the help of fruits and seeds.
The oak spreads to new places with the help of animals transporting its lionfish.
The oak spreads to new places through the transfer of its acorns by animals.
Burdock fruits have hooks that help them spread to new places, clinging to animals and people.
Birds do not participate in the dispersal of plants to new places.
Thrushes and waxwings help mountain ash settle into new places.
The wind helps all plants disperse.
Wind, animals, people, water help plants spread to new places.
VI. Reflection.
Well done boys! You have completed the task, and now my assistants will read poems that tell how plants spread.
What questions were unexpected for you?
Which tasks were difficult and which were interesting?
At home, tell your parents what you learned in class today.
Thanks everyone for the lesson!
HOW PLANTS SETTLE TO NEW PLACES
Goals: introduce students to the characteristics of the distribution of fruits and seeds in nature; find out the distinctive features of fruits and seeds distributed by wind, animals, and humans.
Equipment: drawings depicting plants; plants' seeds; riddles about plants.
During the classes
I. Report the topic of the lesson.
Look at the drawings on the board. What is shown here? (Tree, shrub, herbaceous plant.)
What do these different plants have in common? (All plants have a root, a stem, a leaf, a flower, a fruit, and seeds.)
How to distinguish the fruit from other parts of the plant? (The fruit is formed in place of the flower; there are seeds inside the fruit.)
Today in the lesson we will learn what role seeds play in the life of plants.
II. Learning new material.
1. Reading an ecological fairy tale by N. Osipov.
“At the edge of the forest there grew an oak tree - gloomy, grumpy and greedy. I didn’t want to share anything with others. One day a small mouse came running to him and said: “Let me take two acorns from you. I’ll eat one, plant the other in a distant clearing so that the oak tree will grow there too.”
And the oak tree will attack her: “Get out while you’re still alive!” I won’t give you acorns, let them stay with me!”
The mouse trembled with fear, ran away and never appeared again. Since then, none of the animals dared to approach the oak tree. So he lived in complete solitude. From time to time acorns appeared at the oak tree. Having matured, they fell to the ground and immediately, under the mighty crown, sprouted. Oak really wanted all his numerous offspring to be with him. But the offspring were unlucky.
There was not enough space for all the sprouts that emerged from the acorns. They interfered with each other, suppressed each other and died at a young age.
Years have passed. The oak grew old, rotted, and one day, during a storm, it collapsed. The greedy old man never got his replacement.”
Why did the oak tree never wait for its replacement? (Children's answers.)
Seeds need to wander, go on a journey. This allows them to move to new places where there is more light, warmth and food for young plants.
2. Work on the textbook (p. 22-23).
How do plants move to new places?
Consider the central drawing of the textbook spread. What plants are shown here? Name the fruits and seeds of these plants.
Drawings on p. 22 tell us how plant seeds travel. Who (or what) helps them with this?
Burdock and many other plants disperse in nature with the help of their prickly fruits with hooks and hooks. They cling to everyone who passes by (the fur of a dog, sheep, cow, horse, or human clothing), and thus “travel” a considerable distance before falling to the ground.
Pay attention to the second hint picture. Why does a bird bear fruit? (The fruits and seeds provide food for many birds.)
Do birds help spread plants? (Birds in flight can drop fruits with seeds, and they will germinate in new places far from the parent plant.)
Sometimes animals hide food in reserve, some of the storehouses remain untouched, and the seeds germinate. Many seeds travel directly into the stomachs of birds. Birds peck at ripe fruits and swallow them along with the seeds. And the seeds are surrounded by strong, thick shells and therefore are not digested in the stomachs and come out intact with the droppings. During this time, birds can transport them over long distances. In addition, in bird stomachs, the thick shells of the seeds soften, and the seeds then germinate faster.
What do you see in the third clue picture? (The ant drags the seed.)
The seeds carried by ants are rich in tasty and nutritious oil. Ants store this tasty food for future use. Due to their hard shell, not all seeds are accessible to insects. The ants eat some of the seeds, and take others outside along with the accumulated debris. This is how the seeds of violet, corydalis, celandine, lungwort, and marianum are dispersed in nature.
Consider the central drawing of the textbook spread (pp. 22-23). Why do you think the stream is shown here? (The fruits and seeds of some plants, like tiny boats, wander on the water.)
Waterfowl help some plants disperse. As soon as a duck, goose, swan or other bird splashes around in a pond or lake, seeds stick to their plumage. After splashing in one body of water, the bird will fly to another, and the seeds will move with it. These “sticks” are carried especially far during the autumn and spring migrations of birds.
F y c u l t m i n u t k a
I grew up, sticky, thin and flexible -
Don't break me!
I will bloom with melliferous flowers in the summer -
Protect me.
At noon, under me you will hide from the heat -
Grow me up.
I will cover you from the rain with leaves -
Water me.
Together, my dear friend, let's gain strength -
You love me.
And if you wait until the deadline, you will go out into the wide world, -
Do not forget about me!
P. Voronko
3. Reading the story “How trees make friends with the wind.”
Conversation on the subject.
How does the maple lionfish travel?
The teacher distributes maple fruits to students. Children examine them with a magnifying glass.
Describe what maple seeds look like. (Children describe.)
Yes, one edge of their wing is straight and thick, the other is rounded and thin. Exactly like a propeller blade. And the maple lionfish acts like a propeller. As it falls from the tree, it spins quickly. This slows down the fall and the wind can carry the seed away from the tree.
4. Practical work in pairs.
The teacher distributes maple and ash fruits to students. Children look at the clue drawing in the textbook and show each other how maple and ash lionfish travel.
To do this, one student throws the fruit up, and the other waves the newspaper, creating an air flow.
III.hconsolidation of the studied material.
1. From the puzzle.
Children solve riddles, name the plants and their method of distribution.
On a green fragile leg
The ball grew near the path.
The breeze rustled -
And dispelled this ball.
(Dandelion, dispersed by the wind.)
In this smooth box
Bronze color
A small oak tree is hidden
Next summer.
(Oak acorns are animals.)
Whoever touches -
He clings to him.
Affectionate and caustic,
There are corners sticking out all around.
(Burmock - animals.)
Autumn has come to our garden,
The red torch was lit.
Here are blackbirds and starlings scurrying about
And, noisily, they peck at him.
(Rowan - by birds.)
In the middle of the yard
Golden head.
(Sunflower - by the wind and birds.)
2. Game “Determine which plant the fruits come from.”
3. Indicate with arrows which group these plants belong to.
4. Reading and analysis of L. Tolstoy’s tale “The Oak and the Hazel Tree.”
“The old oak tree dropped an acorn under a hazel bush. The hazel tree said to the oak tree: “Is there not enough space under your branches? You would drop your acorns in a clean place. Here I myself have too little room for my shoots, and I myself do not throw my nuts on the ground, but give them to people.”
“I live for two hundred years,” the oak tree said to this, “and the oak tree from this acorn will live the same amount.”
Then the hazel tree got angry and said: “So I will choke your oak tree, and it will not live even three days.”
The oak tree did not answer, but ordered his son to grow from an acorn.
The acorn got wet, burst and the hook of the sprout clung to the ground, and sent another sprout up.
The hazel tree suppressed it and did not provide sun. But the oak tree stretched upward and became stronger in the shade of the hazel tree. A hundred years have passed. The hazel tree has long since dried up, and the acorn oak tree has risen to the sky and spread its tent in all directions.”
IV. Lesson summary.
What new did you learn in the lesson?
What plants disperse by wind?
What plants disperse with the help of animals?
E. Linnik
A small coral island, lost in the vast expanses of the Pacific Ocean. A narrow strip of land surrounds a small lagoon with clear greenish water. Foamy waves envelop the island in clouds of water dust.
There are several coconut trees growing on the island. How did the seeds get to an abandoned piece of land, separated by the ocean from other islands and the mainland by hundreds of kilometers? Where is their homeland?
Spreading across the globe, plant seeds swim across oceans, fly thousands of kilometers through the air, and overcome high mountain ranges and arid deserts.
We will talk about such trips in our article.
BY AIR AND WATER
Mid-May. Leaves are blooming on trees and bushes. The bird cherry blossoms. The delicate bristles of young grass become thicker and greener every day.
What is this? Where are the clouds of white fluff coming from?
Let's take one of them. Inside is a seed. He is surrounded by the lightest fluff.
Willow seeds
Such fluffy gliders are formed in poplar, willow, alder, aspen and some other woody and herbaceous plants. Sometimes their seeds fly several hundred meters until they fall to the ground. And if the conditions are right, new plants will grow from them.
Several years ago in France, seeds of some African plants from the Asteraceae family were discovered at an altitude of 1,500 meters in the air.
For such gliders, neither seas nor mountain ranges are really scary!..
SPINE FRUITS. Tribulus is an annual creeping plant with a creeping branched stem and yellow single flowers. Tribulus fruits are equipped with extremely sharp and strong thorns. Their homeland is Central Asia. From here they spread to warm countries almost all over the world.
The spines become entangled in sheep's wool, and the plant spreads to new places.
Once in the USA, Tribulus were transported around the country on tires. This harmful plant causes great damage to motor vehicles. The thorns puncture and damage car tires. In the USA it was even announced that a prize would be given to someone who found an effective means of combating Tribulus on the roads.
Other plant species disperse using water. Spring floods carry seeds of field weeds sometimes over considerable distances. Of course, during long voyages along streams and rivers, some seeds lose their viability and die, but many, once in favorable conditions, begin to germinate.
Plants found in damp and marshy areas are spread primarily by water. Veronica fruit boxes are tightly closed in dry weather and open only when they fall into a damp place. Water washes away the seeds and carries them into swampy lowlands.
One day, the famous Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus was walking along a small sandbank in a remote corner of Northern Norway. The tide was low, and the large pebbles were left with slippery, rusty-brown, knotty algae. Linnaeus began to examine them carefully.
Dark balls were visible in the pile of algae. The scientist picked up one of them. Why, these are sea beans! This plant is found in the tropics, on the shores of the Antilles. How did sea beans get to Scandinavia? Linnaeus realized that they were brought here by the warm sea current of the Gulf Stream. The beans traveled thousands of kilometers on the ocean waves until the surf washed them onto the shores of Norway. 
Rhizophora
In bays, river mouths, lagoons, fenced off from the ocean by coral reefs and sandbanks, there are mangroves, adapted to life on unstable muddy soil.
A dense wall of trees sways above the water - rhizophora with shiny leathery leaves. Some kind of clubs are visible in the foliage, hanging with their thick ends down. These are nothing more than sprouts. Rhizophora is a viviparous tree. Its seeds begin to germinate while still in the fruits hanging on the tree. The seed develops into a long (up to a meter) heavy stick that hangs until the fruit opens. Then the seedling breaks off and falls with its thick end into the mud. Having stuck into the viscous soil, it quickly grows into a new tree. It is not always possible for a seedling to gain a foothold in the mud. Sometimes the current picks him up and carries him away many hundreds of kilometers. For many months he rushes along the waves until he gets caught somewhere in a protected corner. 
Coconut fruits
Ripe fruits of coconut palms that fall into the sea remain viable for up to six months. The water-impermeable leathery layer reliably protects the seeds hidden inside the nut, and the fibrous air layer gives the fruit buoyancy.
When a hurricane hits, the wind blows the nuts off the tree. They fall into the water, and the waves carry them to distant shores.
The seeds of some plants, such as the tropical morinda tree, even have special swim bladders.
LIVE SEEDERS
Strawberries and raspberries ripen in the hot July sun, are filled with sweet cherry juice, and on clear September days, orange-red clusters of tart fruits appear among the feathery leaves of rowan trees.
Bright edible fruits attract birds. They eat the berries, but the seeds pass through the digestive system undamaged, as they are protected by a strong covering. 
Jay with acorn
Flying from place to place, birds sometimes travel hundreds of kilometers. Seeds also travel through the air with them.
Starlings were introduced to New Zealand in the 19th century. It was assumed that this useful bird would destroy pests of fields and vegetable gardens. But starlings carried blackberry seeds to New Zealand, and dense thickets of this thorny bush covered the pastures in many places. Livestock farming began to suffer as a result.
Seeds travel not only in the stomachs of birds. They are found in lumps of dirt, which birds often carry on their paws.
GOOSE BERRY. A wide variety of trees, shrubs and vines with tasty, nutritious fruits grow in tropical countries. In the Antilles and Florida there is a low evergreen tree known botanically as Phyllanthus acidus. The local population calls this tree "goose berry".
Juicy yellow gooseberry fruits are collected in dense clusters. These small fruits are pecked by birds, taken away and scattered by monkeys.
Sometimes seeds make very complex journeys. Freshwater fish eat the seeds of some aquatic plants. The fish, in turn, are eaten by birds, and the seeds travel under water and through the air and sometimes end up in an area very remote from their homeland.
The South African steppes were once covered with lush vegetation. Numerous herds of antelope grazed on them. Gradually, Europeans exterminated most of these animals, and the steppes began to turn into desert. It turned out that antelopes, by eating grass, contributed to the dispersal of its seeds over vast areas.
South Africans have found a way to save their pastures. They began to add grass seeds to the sheep's feed.
These "living seeders" have been used to restore grassland to the South African grasslands.
UNINVITED GUESTS
A flotilla of heavily laden Spanish caravels enters Montevideo harbor. The long, tiring voyage across the vast ocean is over. The ships drop anchors and, one after another, moor to the wooden pier. The colonists look with hope at the deserted shores and the blue range of mountains in the distance. What awaits them here?
Unloading begins. On creaking blocks, kegs of gunpowder and heavy boxes with muskets, knives, and nails are lowered onto the log deck of the pier. They drag bags of wheat, barley, and oats.
Cattle are being unloaded from one of the ships. Frightened, mooing cows are led down rickety walkways. The huddled sheep are simply picked up by the legs and carried on their shoulders like sacks of flour.
Heaps of straw and hay remained in the stalls on the ships. Yunga scoops them up and throws them overboard; soon the surf carries the hay ashore. Along with it, seeds also fall to the new land.
So, along with the colonists, many wild European plants sailed to America. The common thistle has become so accustomed to its new homeland that it has begun to crowd out local plants. 
Shiritsa
The concourse of a large airport is as lively as it usually is after the arrival of an international airline. One by one, passengers approach the customs inspector's desk and present their luggage for inspection. The inspector quickly looks through suitcases and travel bags and puts labels on them.
One of the arriving women holds a small bouquet in her hands.
The inspector looks through her suitcase and stamps her passport. But then flowers attract his attention. He examines the bouquet and finds weeds with seeds that accidentally got there.
Many countries have organized a quarantine service for weed control. It is not easy to protect borders from such “violators.” Small weed seeds are hidden in wood piles, hidden in bales of cotton and even in postal parcels. 
Elodea canadensis
It is especially easy for seeds equipped with hooks, spikes or hooks to “cross the boundaries”.
In the 19th century, the noxious weed agarica arrived in Russia “illegally” through the Black Sea ports. This short grass with panicle flowers is extremely prolific. One copy of agarica produces up to half a million seeds per year. Fighting him is very difficult.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Canadian Elodea appeared in Europe. It is often bred in aquariums. Conditions for the development of elodea in the waters of Europe turned out to be extremely favorable. It spread so quickly that it was nicknamed the "water plague." With a loose, greenish cloud, it covers the transparent depths of lakes and sometimes multiplies so much that it even impedes the movement of ships.
* * *
We talked about some natural ways of spreading plants. However, while transforming nature, man cannot help but interfere in this area of its life. He makes plants travel and, at his discretion, moves them from one area to another in accordance with his economic needs and goals.
1) How do plants reproduce?
a)Forecaster's minute - describe the weather today, name the signs of autumn in living and inanimate nature.
b)Let's consider and find out the meaning of each plant organ.
1. Root anchors plants in the soil. Through it, moisture and substances necessary for life come from the earth.
2. Stem holds the plant on the soil surface. In shape it can be erect, creeping, curly, etc. Water with minerals rises up the stem from the roots to the foliage, and plant sap with nutrients moves from the leaves to the roots. Stems are divided into woody and herbaceous. Trees have one main, tall stem called a trunk. Shrubs have several thin woody stems, while herbs have flexible, green, succulent stems.
3. Leaves Plants vary in shape, size and color. They are attached by a petiole to the stem. There are leaves without petioles. Leaves produce oxygen, which all living organisms, including the plants themselves, breathe. Excess water evaporates through the leaves. In addition, they produce nutrients.
4. Flowers most plants have. They are different in shape, size and color. When a flower fades, it forms fetus , which contains seeds.
5. Seeds necessary for the plant to reproduce. New, young plants grow from them.
6. Us. 50 attention exercise : What organs of the cornflower did the artist forget to draw? What will happen to a plant without this organ? Explain your idea.
c)Formation of ideas about methods of plant reproduction by different organs - textbook p. 50 - 51
d)Sansevieria. Homeland - Tropical Asia and Africa. It is popularly called “pike tail” because its leaves with alternating dark and light stripes resemble the body of a pike. An interesting feature of this plant: if you cut a leaf into pieces, each piece will produce roots. Sansevieria should be kept in a warm room with sufficient sunlight all year round. It requires moderate watering both in winter and summer.
Pelargonium - exotic pelargoniums (geraniums) were brought to the European continent from South Africa in the 17th and 18th centuries. They firmly entered the assortment of winter gardens of rich entrepreneurs, nobles, merchants, and over time - into the life of ordinary people. Due to the special shape of the leaves, they are affectionately called rolls. The plant has healing properties, disinfects and refreshes indoor air. Needs abundant, but not frequent summer watering. To ensure beautiful flowering, the pot should be a little cramped.
2) How do plants disperse?
You already know that seeds give rise to new plants. Almost always, fruits and seeds give birth to new plants in places other than where they are ripe. Wind, water, animals carry them to new places. If conditions are favorable, they germinate. Plants have very interesting devices for such “journeys”.
Many plants of forests, steppes, meadows, and swamps have various adaptations for distributing fruits by the wind. Thus, the fruits of elm, maple, and linden have lionfish. In linden, the wing is formed from a perianth leaf. The linden fruits and nuts with a long perianth are carried far by the wind in winter, when there is no foliage on the tree branches.
Small (about the size of a poppy seed) seeds of willow and aspen are equipped with tufts of hairs that help them fly in the wind. In dandelion and salsify, the hairy calyx remains near the fruit and forms a tuft - a kind of parachute. The seeds of other steppe plants - feather grass, thistle, katran (tumbleweed) - are also spread by the wind.
Some plants “shoot” their seeds, scattering them over a fairly large distance. One such plant is the mad cucumber, which is considered a weed.
The seeds of many leguminous plants also shoot out. For example, balsam, or gap-grass - a touch-me-not plant. The valves of its ripe fruits curl, throwing out the seeds.
Among the seeds there are even “seafarers” - for example, water chestnut (chilim), coconut palms. The seeds of these plants are carried far from their native shores by the current.
In many plants, fruits and seeds are distributed by animals (this is burdock, string, burdock, thistle), and therefore have denticles, hooks, etc. With such devices it is convenient to cling to people’s clothes, animal fur, bird feathers and quietly wander around the world.
When stocking up, birds and animals hide fruits and seeds in their nest or burrow. Some of them get lost along the way.
Squirrels feed on hazel fruits. They store them for the winter. When stocking up, the animals lose some of the nuts along the way or hide them in the cracks of tree stumps or under fallen leaves and forget them. Under favorable conditions, these nuts germinate.
Ants take the seeds of many plants to their anthill: snowdrops, violets, celandine, cornflower, and also scatter it along their ant path.
Fruits and berries that are unpleasant to humans or even poisonous are sometimes very attractive to birds. But seeds with a hard shell are not digested in their stomach. Together with bird droppings, such seeds are transported long distances from their place of maturation.
3) Homework:
Work according to the textbook - p. 50 - 53. Work in a notebook - p. 38 - 41.