Classification of connective tissuesConnective
textile
Actually
connecting
Skeletal
With special
properties
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Loose
Reticular
Elastic
cartilage
Dense
Fat
Hyaline
cartilage
Unformed
Pigmented
Decorated
Mucous
Fibrous
cartilage
Bone
Rough
fibrous
Lamellar

Classification of connective tissue

Actually
connecting
fabric (Fig. 25)
Skeletal
fabric (Fig. 26 28)

Connective tissue itself

Fibrous
Loose
fibrous
Dense
fibrous
With special
properties
Reticular
Fat
Pigmented

Fibrous loose connective tissue

Accompanies blood vessels
forms the stroma of many organs;
Functions: supporting, trophic, exchange
substances between blood and other
fabrics;
Has less fiber
but with a lot of variety
cells and basic amorphous substance;
Basic amorphous substance
is a colloidal solution
7

Dense fibrous connective tissue

1.
2.
Contains a large amount of dense
located fibers;
Basic amorphous substance and cells
there is little in it;
There are 2 types:
Dense, unformed fibrous tissue (forms
base of the skin). It contains collagen and elastic fibers
intertwine and go in different directions
Dense shaped fibrous tissue (tendons,
ligaments, fascia, etc.). The fibers adhere tightly to each other
friend and have a certain direction

Functions of connective tissue:

Mechanical, support,
formative (bones, cartilage,
tendons)
Protective (bones, cartilage –
mechanical protection; chemical
protection – blood (immunity))
Trophic (fatty)
Plastic (regeneration and
wound healing)

A distinctive feature of connective tissue is

The intercellular substance is well expressed,
consisting of basic amorphous
substances and special fibers

Actually connective tissue with special properties

Characterized by predominance
homogeneous cells
Fat
Pigmented
Reticular
Mucous

Adipose – accumulation of fat cells
(omentum, subcutaneous fat layer, on
mesentery of the intestine, etc.)
Pigmented – contains a lot of pigment
cells - melanocytes (birthmarks,
areas of skin in the nipple area, vascular
shell and iris of the eye)
Reticular – contains reticular
fibers and reticular cells with processes,
which form a network. (Bone marrow,
lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, etc.).
Cells are capable of transforming into others
types of cells (macrophages, hematopoiesis, etc.)

Skeletal tissue

1. Cartilaginous
Hyaline
cartilage
Elastic
cartilage
Fibrous
cartilage
2. Bone

Cartilage tissue

Consists of cartilage cells (chondrocytes),
located in groups of 2-3 cells,
ground substance and fibers
Types of cartilage tissue:
Hyaline cartilage (cartilage of joints, ribs,
trachea, bronchi). Contains collagen
fibers
Elastic cartilage (auditory tube, cartilage
auricle, epiglottis, etc.).
Contains collagen and elastic
fibers
Fibrous cartilage (intervertebral discs,
pubic symphysis, some joints).
Contains collagen fibers

Bone cells

Osteoblasts are young cells
forming bone tissue.
Found in recovery areas
bone tissue and developing bones
Osteocytes are bone cells
formed from osteoblasts.
Lost the ability to divide.
Osteoclasts are large
multinucleated cells involved in
bone destruction.
14

Types of bone tissue

1. Coarse fibrous (spongy)
Bundles of ossein (collagen)
fibers are located in different
directions. Inherent in embryos
preserved in the sutures of the skull and at places
tendon attachments to bones
2. Lamellar
Consists of bony plates
of which ossein fibers
arranged in parallel beams
within the plates or between them.
Forms the bones of the skeleton.

bone

spongy
lamellar

Classification of connective tissues

Connective
textile
Actually
connecting
Skeletal
With special
properties
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Loose
Reticular
Elastic
cartilage
Dense
Fat
Hyaline
cartilage
Unformed
Pigmented
Decorated
Mucous
Fibrous
cartilage
Bone
Rough
fibrous
Lamellar

Nervous tissue

Carries out nervous regulation
functions of the body and its connection with
external environment
Properties of nervous tissue -
excitability and conductivity
Ectodermal origin
The main cells are neurons and
auxiliary cells
neuroglia (intercellular substance)

Neuron structure

Axon is a long process
neuron
Dendrite – short process
neuron
Nerve fibers - processes
nerve cells covered
sheaths (myelin,
unmyelinated)
Nerve is a collection of nerves
fibers coated with common
connective tissue
shell
19

Properties of nerve fiber

Excitability - ability to respond
to the action of the stimulus by a change
physiological properties
Conductivity - ability
excite
Refractoriness – temporary
decreased excitability that occurs
after excitement

White matter is a collection of axons.
Performs a conductive function
Gray matter is a collection of bodies
neurons and dendrites. Performs
reflex function

Classification of neurons

By function:
Afferent (sensitive)
Insert (intermediate)
Efferent (motor)

“Painting on fabric” - Stitching fabric (tritik). Knot batik. Technologies. We start painting with lighter surfaces. The contours of the pattern and individual areas are covered with hot reserve. SEWING THE FABRIC (tritik). Fabric preparation: Design preparation: Features of cold batik. Before use, the fabric must be washed (with laundry soap.

“Fabric applique” - Depicting a pattern or ornament. I wish you a happy journey in the world of patchwork paints! Fairy tales, stories... And now some recommendations! Safety precautions when working with scissors. Plot: I. Handle scissors very carefully. Appliques are: Decorative: Work carefully with white and black patches.

“Human tissue” - A living cell in a bone lacuna. Adipose tissue. Human skin. Intercellular substance of bone. Large bony canal with blood vessels and nerves. Work order: Table. Human blood. Epithelium of the mammary gland. The epithelium of the mammary gland includes cubic-shaped cells that secrete milk. The cells of the lowest layer (on the left) divide, renewing the tissue.

“Tissue biology” - Lesson objectives. Lesson on the topic: “Tissues” biology grade 8. The cells are small, tightly adjacent to each other, and there is little intercellular substance. The cells are large and loosely arranged. List the types of connective tissue. Muscle. Functions of nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue. There is intercellular substance. Neuroglia.

“Types of fabrics” - Finishing materials. The color of the skin can be natural or dyed. Padding materials: non-woven fabric, padding polyester, dublerin, lining. Padding materials serve to impart rigidity to the parts of a garment. Assortment of cushioning materials. Lace, bias binding, piping, soutache. Non-woven, insulating, cushioning and finishing materials.

“Properties of fabrics” - What affects the strength and wrinkleability of fabric? The property of fabric to crumble when cutting. Physico-mechanical properties of fabrics. The property of fabric to wrinkle. Technological properties of fabrics. What are the effects of hygienic properties? Hygienic properties of fabrics. The property of fabric to retain heat. The process of creating clothes is very complex and multifaceted.

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Slide captions:

Production and properties of fabrics from chemical fibers.

Insert the following terms into the diagram: Wool natural fibers of animal origin cotton silk vegetable origin flax

natural fibers of plant origin flax wool silk of animal origin cotton

Solve anagrams, determine the group of fibers and find the “extra” word: a) nel retsh polhok b) srtshe hkolpo kelsh linen wool cotton wool wool cotton silk

Create a technological chain for fabric production: spinning yarn weaving gray fabric finishing dyed printed fabric fiber preparation purified fiber fiber preparation spinning weaving finishing

What properties do the presented fibers have?

Properties of fabrics Physical and mechanical properties: Wrinkleability Strength Drapability Hygienic properties: Hygroscopicity Heat-protective properties breathability Technological properties: Looseness Shrinkage

Production of artificial silk (video material can be downloaded from the link https://yadi.sk/i/yDKd1RQja87f4)

Chemical fibers Artificial Viscose Acetate Synthetic Capron Lavsan Nitron

Technological sequence of manufacturing fibers and fabrics from chemical fibers spruce chips cotton waste dissolution, obtaining a liquid, viscous mass of cellulose Procurement of raw materials or artificial fibers synthetic fibers oil coal preparation of raw materials for the formation of fibers creation from simple substances - complex ones with given properties (synthesis)

forming fibers from a solution by squeezing it through the holes of a spinneret

Weaving (making fabric from fibers)

Fabric finishing (dying or printing a design on fabric, imparting certain properties, such as water-repellent, etc.)

Technological sequence for producing fabric from chemical fibers Procurement of raw materials (wood waste or oil) Preparation of raw materials for the production of fibers: Dissolution, production of a liquid, viscous mass or combination into complex substances Formation of fibers from solution Weaving Finishing

Properties of fabrics made from chemical fibers fiber Properties of fabrics strength (including loss when wet) creasing draperiness hygroscopicity shrinkage viscose acetate nylon nitron

Beautiful appearance, high hygroscopicity, hypoallergenic when added to natural fibers, gives them softness - loss of strength when wet, fraying, movement in seams, creasing, high shrinkage Properties of viscose fabrics

Properties of acetate fabrics + beautiful, smooth, reminiscent of silk in appearance; drape well and retain their shape; soft and light; easy to crease; durable - loss of strength when wet; low breathability and hygroscopicity; difficult to wet-heat treatment; electrified; high shrinkage

Nylon + the most resistant to tearing and abrasion; low shrinkage; wrinkle-resistant - slip; fraying of threads; spreading of threads; low hygroscopicity; poor air permeability

nitron + looks like wool; high heat-protective properties when added to natural fibers gives fabrics strength and wrinkle resistance - strong shrinkage when wet; fraying

Laboratory and practical work “Determination of raw materials composition”

Signs for determining the type of fabric Sign natural silk rayon synthetic silk viscose nylon creaseability small large crease-resistant change in strength in the wet state does not change decreases does not change burning of threads burns poorly, black cake, smell of horn or feather burns well, gray ash, burnt paper smell melts to form a solid ball

Fabric characteristic sample No. 1 sample No. 2 sample No. 3 creasing change in wet strength combustion raw material composition

Caring for products made from artificial and synthetic fabrics Artificial silk fabrics are ironed at 160-200 degrees. Can be washed at a temperature no higher than 40 degrees, do not twist. Synthetic fabrics are ironed at 130-130 degrees. They must be washed without friction, at a temperature no higher than 50 degrees.

Slide 1

Plan 1. Morphological characteristics of connective tissues. 2. Functions of connective tissues. 3. Histogenesis. 4. Classification of connective tissues. 5. Connective tissues themselves. 5.1. Loose fibrous connective tissue. 5.2. Dense fibrous connective tissue. 5.3. Connective tissues with special properties. 6. Skeletal connective tissues. 6.1. Cartilaginous tissues. 6.2. Bone tissue. Compiled by Professor N.P. Barsukov Simferopol 2008

Slide 2

1. Morphological characteristics of connective tissues

Connective tissues did not get their name by chance, since they are involved in connecting all other tissues within organs. They differ from other tissues by the presence, in addition to cells, of a large amount of intercellular substance, represented by collagen, elastic and reticular fibers, as well as an amorphous component (ground substance). In the body, connective tissue accounts for more than half of the total body weight.

Slide 3


2. Functions of connective tissues: protective, supporting, trophic, plastic and morphogenetic, participation in maintaining homeostasis and body temperature

3. Histogenesis. By origin, all types of connective tissues are related, since they all develop from mesenchyme.

Slide 4


Mesenchymocytes are the founders of all cells of various types of connective tissues.

Slide 5

4. Classification of connective tissues

Connective tissues are divided into two large groups: connective tissues proper and skeletal connective tissues. The composition of connective tissue itself includes fibrous connective tissues and connective tissues with special properties.

Slide 6


The fibrous group includes: loose fibrous connective tissue, dense fibrous unformed and dense fibrous formed connective tissue.

Slide 7


In loose fibrous connective tissue, the amorphous component predominates over fibrous structures, which are always arranged in the form of a complex looped network.

Slide 8

Among the cells of loose connective tissue there are

Constant: Fibroblast family. Macrophage family. Non-persistent: mast cells, plasma cells, adventitial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, lymphocytes.

Slide 9

Fibroblasts

the most numerous cells involved in the production of intercellular substance. According to the degree of maturity, they are: poorly differentiated and differentiated fibroblasts and definitive forms - fibrocytes, as well as myofibroblasts and fibroclasts.

Slide 10


Macrophages - descendants of monocytes - are divided into free (migrant) and fixed (sedentary, or resident). Main functions: secretion of biologically active substances (about 100), protective, antigen-presenting, activation of differentiation of immunocompetent cells and stimulation of their functional activity, production of a chemotactic factor for leukocytes, secretion of an antitumor factor, fibroblast growth factor, etc.

Slide 11

Macrophages of the liver and pancreas

• Slide 12

  Mast cells, lymphocytes and endothelial cells of loose connective tissue

• Slide 13
  

  Plasmocyte, mast cells, lymphocytes and adipocytes of loose connective tissue

  Slide 14
  

  A characteristic morphological feature of plasma cells is the presence of a light courtyard in the cytoplasm and the specific arrangement of heterochromatin along the periphery of the nucleus in the form of “spokes in a wheel”

  Slide 15

  Intercellular substance. Morphology of collagen fiber

• Slide 16

  Elastic fiber morphology

• Slide 17

  Collagen synthesis

• Slide 18

  Amorphous component

  formed predominantly by fibroblasts. It contains glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, as well as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and their complex compounds

  Slide 19
  

  In dense fibrous connective tissue, fibers predominate over the amorphous component, and in dense, unformed tissue they are arranged disorderly (G.-e.; Picrosirius-orcein; Polarization microscopy)

  Slide 20
  

  In dense, formed connective tissue, the fibers are localized strictly parallel to each other. Tendon in longitudinal and transverse sections

  Slide 21

  Connective tissues with special properties. Reticular tissue

• Slide 22

  Adipose connective tissue

• Slide 23

  Adipose tissue can be white or brown

  ←In white tissue adipocytes, the nucleus is pushed to the periphery, and the cytoplasm is entirely filled with a drop of fat. ←In a brown tissue adipocyte, the nucleus is located in the center of the cell, and small drops of fat are located around the nucleus

  Slide 24

  Skeletal connective tissue. Cartilage tissue: development

• Slide 25

  Hyaline cartilage of the trachea

• Slide 26

  Elastic cartilage of the auricle (M. uv.)

• Slide 27

  Elastic cartilage of the auricle (B. uv.)

• Slide 28

  Fibrous cartilage

  found in intervertebral discs, symphyses, and in the sutures between the bones of the skull.

Definition of connective tissue Connective tissue is a complex of mesenchymal derivatives consisting of cellular differons and a large amount of intercellular substance (fibrous structures and amorphous substance) involved in maintaining the homeostasis of the internal environment and differing from other tissues in their lesser need for aerobic oxidative processes.

Definition of connective tissue Connective tissue: - makes up more than half of the human body weight; - participates in the formation of the stroma of organs, layers between other tissues, dermis of the skin, skeleton; - forms anatomical formations - fascia and capsules, tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bones. The multifunctional nature of connective tissues is determined by the complexity of their composition and organization.

Loose fibrous connective tissue Loose fibrous connective tissue (textus connectivus collagenosus laxus) is found in all organs, accompanies blood and lymphatic vessels and forms the stroma of many organs. The structure of loose fibrous connective tissue in various organs is similar. Consists of cells and intercellular substance.

Loose fibrous connective tissue The main cells of connective tissue are: - fibroblasts (a family of fibril-forming cells), - macrophages, - mast cells, - adventitial cells, - plasma cells, - pericytes, - fat cells, - leukocytes migrating from the blood, - sometimes pigment cells cells. Cellular composition

Loose fibrous connective tissue The macrophage system includes the totality of all cells that have the ability to capture foreign particles, dying cells, non-cellular structures, bacteria, etc. from the tissue fluid of the body. The phagocytosed material undergoes enzymatic cleavage inside the cell (“completed phagocytosis”), due to which harmful substances are eliminated for the body agents that arise locally or penetrate from the outside. Concept of the macrophage system

Loose fibrous connective tissue The macrophage system includes: - macrophages of loose fibrous connective tissue, - stellate cells of sinusoidal vessels of the liver, - free and fixed macrophages of hematopoietic organs, - macrophages of the lung, - peritoneal macrophages of inflammatory exudates, - osteoclasts of bone tissue, - giant cells of foreign bodies, - glial macrophages of nervous tissue (microglia). Concept of the macrophage system

Loose fibrous connective tissue Mast cells (tissue basophils, mast cells). These terms refer to cells in the cytoplasm of which there is a specific granularity, reminiscent of granules of basophilic leukocytes. Mast cells are regulators of local connective tissue homeostasis. They take part in reducing blood coagulation, increasing the permeability of the blood-tissue barrier, in the process of inflammation, and immunogenesis. Mast cells

Loose fibrous connective tissue Adipocytes (fat cells, lipocytes). This is the name for cells that have the ability to accumulate large quantities of reserve fat, which takes part in trophism, energy production and water metabolism. Adipocytes are located in groups, less often singly and, as a rule, near blood vessels. Accumulating in large quantities, these cells form adipose tissue. Adipocytes

The shape of single fat cells is spherical. A mature fat cell usually contains one large drop of neutral fat, occupying the entire central part of the cell and surrounded by a thin cytoplasmic rim, in the thickened part of which lies the nucleus. Adipocytes Loose fibrous connective tissue
Loose fibrous connective tissue Pigment cells (pigmentocytes, melanocytes). These cells contain the pigment melanin in their cytoplasm. There are many of them in birthmarks, as well as in the connective tissue of people of the black and yellow races. Pigmentocytes have short, irregularly shaped processes, a large number of melanosomes (melanin granules) measuring 1525 nm and ribosomes. Some melanosomes from skin melanocytes migrate to other epidermal cells. Pigment cells
Loose fibrous connective tissue The intercellular substance, or matrix (substantia intercellularis), of connective tissue consists of collagen and elastic fibers, as well as the ground (amorphous) substance. The intercellular substance in both embryos and adults is formed, on the one hand, by secretion carried out by connective tissue cells, and on the other, from blood plasma entering the intercellular spaces. Intercellular substance

Sources 1. Aleksandrovskaya O.V., Radostina T.N., Kozlov N.A. Cytology, histology and embryology. M.: Agropromizdat, p. 2.Histology. Ed. Yu.I. Afanasyeva. M.: Medicine, p. 3. Serov V.V. and Shekhter A.B. Connective tissue, M., 1981; 4. Khrushchov N.G. Histogenesis of connective tissue. M.: Nauka, Ham A., Cormack D. Histology. M.: Mir, Ts. T s. 6. Shubnikova E.A. Functional morphology of tissues. M.: Moscow State University, p.