1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):

Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).

Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.

For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.

In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.

Classes of introductory words by meaning

Meaning	Introductory Components	Examples
1. Evaluation of what is reported in terms of reliability, etc.:
1.1. Confidence, authenticity	Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, really, in fact, truly, of course, naturally, truly and etc.	Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev).
1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption	Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another and etc.	She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, to approach by a different route, to knock at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov).
2. Different feelings:
2.1. Joy, approval	Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better and etc.	Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev).
2.2. Regret, disapproval	Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas and etc.	Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev).
2.3. Surprise, bewilderment	Surprisingly, amazingly, amazingly, amazingly, strangely, strangely, incomprehensibly and etc.	Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov).
2.4. Fear	The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens and etc.	Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy).
2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance	In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually and etc.	There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev).
3. Source of message	According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion and etc.	Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky).
4. Order of thoughts and their connections	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way and etc.	On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky).
5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts	In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called and etc.	In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin).
6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated	At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes and etc.	Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov).
7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing	Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant and etc.	You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko).

2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:

nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;

Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately and etc.

adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;

Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.

pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

In addition, besides, meanwhile.

adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;

Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.

verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;

I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.

infinitive or combination with an infinitive;

See, know, admit, funny to say.

combinations with participles;

To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.

two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;

For as long as I can remember, I often think.

• impersonal offers;

  It seemed to her that we all remember it well.

• vaguely personal proposals.

  This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.

That is why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.

Note!

Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:

A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;

b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;

V) Introductory words can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.

Compare the sentences given in pairs:

This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).

During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).

Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).

In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.

By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.("in truth").

When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.

1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:

The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).

The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:

If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).

2) The word is finally introductory:

if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:

Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).

Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word Firstly Secondly or on the one hand on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;

if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:

Yes, go away, finally!(Chekhov).

Note!

The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.

Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).

In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).

Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).

3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.

Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).

4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:

The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).

At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:

However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did a man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).

Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).

5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:

Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).

But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:

Of course it's true!; Of course it is.

6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):

Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).

As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):

I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).

7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:

In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.

In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:

• in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:

  Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);

• in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:

  He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);

• in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:

  He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).

  This provision also applies to the form in general.

  Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms generally simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).

8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:

Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).

In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:

You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at his mom's today(Dostoevsky).

9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:

He in its turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.

In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:

Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.

10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.

11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.

But if in particular it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:

Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.

If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:

Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).

12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.

For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).

The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:

He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.

13) The word main is introductory in the sense of “especially important”, “especially significant”:

You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).

14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:

People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, you can't come today?

If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:

in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:

To fight is to win;

in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:

if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:

If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.

15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:

Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).

If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:

when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:

In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);

when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:

The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);

when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:

This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).

16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:

One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).

If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:

Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).

The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:

From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).

17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:

Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.

If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:

I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.

18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.

Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).

19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:

• separated by commas as introductory:

  Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life(Turgenev);

• stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:

requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:

Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.

Note!

Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:

as if, as if, hardly, hardly, supposedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.

3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.

1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:

I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).

2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:

Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.

If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:

The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).

3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:

What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).

Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:

This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.

4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:

The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).

Introductory words are not separated from the separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:

Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.

If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:

The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.

Note!

It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of the sentence.

Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).

In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.

This information was gleaned from new, seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).

If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:

Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.

5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).

Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel.). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).

Note!

A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.

For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.

6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:

And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.

Less often (when intonationally emphasizing introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction), after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:

But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).

7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:

All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).

8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.

A dash is used in the following cases:

if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:

Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);

a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or the subsequent part:

The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).

Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:

It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.

Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:

Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);

a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:

Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);

using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):

Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).

Thus, we find that the third factor in the etiology of neuroses, the tendency to conflict, depends just as much on the development of the ego as on the development of the libido. Our understanding of the causes of neuroses has thus deepened. First, as the most general condition - forced refusal, then - fixation of libido, which pushes it in certain directions, and thirdly, a tendency to conflicts as a result of the development of the ego, which rejects such manifestations of libido. The state of affairs, therefore, is not so confused and not so difficult to understand as it probably seemed to you in the course of my reasoning. Perhaps, however, this is not all. It is necessary to add something new and detail what is already known.

In order to demonstrate to you the influence of the development of the ego on the formation of conflicts and at the same time on the cause of neuroses, I would like to give an example, although completely fictitious, but in no way devoid of probability. Referring to the title of Nestroy's comedy, I will give the example the characteristic title “In the basement and on the first floor.” The janitor lives in the basement, and the landlord, a rich and noble man, lives on the first floor. Both have children, and let us suppose that the daughter of a householder is allowed to play unattended with the child of a proletarian. It can easily happen that children’s games will take on an obscene, i.e., sexual character, that they will play “daddy and mommy,” look at each other during intimate activities and irritate the genitals.

The janitor's girl, who, despite her five or six years, could observe something of the sexual life of adults, will probably play the role of a seductress. These experiences, even if they do not last long, are enough to activate certain sexual impulses in both children, which, after stopping playing together for several years, will be expressed in masturbation. This is the general thing, but the end result for both children will be very different. The janitor's daughter will continue to masturbate until she menstruates, then stop without difficulty, a few years later she will find a lover and perhaps give birth to a child, follow one or another path in life that may lead her to the position of a popular actress, and end up life as an aristocrat. It is quite possible that her fate will turn out to be less brilliant, but in any case she will fulfill her destiny in life, without suffering from the premature manifestation of her sexuality, free from neurosis. Another thing is the landlord's daughter. Even as a child, she will begin to suspect that she has done something bad, and soon, but perhaps only after a hard struggle, she will give up masturbatory pleasure, and, despite this, some kind of dejection will remain in her. When in her girlhood she is able to learn something about sexual intercourse, she will turn away from it with inexplicable disgust and prefer to remain ignorant. She will probably now give in to the irresistible urge to masturbate that has once again seized her, about which she does not dare complain. In the years when a man might like her as a woman, she will erupt in a neurosis that will deprive her of marriage and hope in life. If, with the help of analysis, it is possible to understand this neurosis, then it will turn out that this well-bred, intelligent girl with high aspirations has completely repressed sexual feelings, and they, unconsciously for her, have been stuck in miserable experiences with a childhood friend.

Sometimes introductory words can puzzle even an experienced user of the Russian language. One of the most common problems is determining whether a word needs to be separated with commas. The phrase “thus” can easily be classified as doubt. For correct punctuation, it is necessary to find out whether the phrase is an introductory one, and in what context it is used.

How to decide if a given phrase is an introductory phrase

All introductory words and combinations have a distinctive feature that makes it possible to calculate their belonging to a given class. Introductory phrases do not affect the meaning of the rest of the sentence. If you take them out of context, the main idea remains the same.

For example: “Next Thursday we might go to the theater.” When you remove the word “perhaps” from a sentence, the meaning does not change. Introductory words only make additions and clarifications to what is already available.

To further punctuate the phrase “thus,” it is necessary to determine whether it belongs to the category of introductory words.

Cases in which punctuation is necessary

If the phrase “thus” is introductory, punctuation marks are indispensable. You can determine its belonging to the introductory by its meaning. If a phrase is used to summarize, it acts as an introductory phrase. When it is used to draw a definite conclusion, it takes on the meaning of the words “thus” and “consequently.”

Wherever the phrase “thus” is located, commas are always needed. Here are 3 possible options:

1. The phrase is in the middle of the sentence. In this case, you need to select it on both sides.
2. The introductory construction comes at the very beginning of the sentence. Quite a common case, since this is the most logical placement for the introduction before the conclusion. A comma, sometimes a dash, is placed only after a phrase.
3. Combination with union. If a sentence begins with an inserted phrase preceded by the conjunctions “a” or “and,” a comma is placed only after the phrase.

You can often find such a use where the phrase is introductory in the context: “Thus, we come to the conclusion...”. This is all clear.

Synonyms for “thus” in each case are the following words: therefore, therefore, consequently, therefore, from which one can conclude, it follows. They are intended for summarizing and sequentially presenting thoughts in a sentence, text or speech.

Option without commas

The second way to use the phrase “thus” is as part of a sentence. In this case, it cannot be removed from the text, since the main idea or meaning will be distorted.

If the phrase is not introductory, then it acts as a simple circumstance, a phraseological figure. In this case, it acquires the meaning “in this way, in this way, in this way.” More emphasis is placed on the word “image,” which is now used as a way or method of doing something.

A phrase that is not introductory should not be highlighted with commas or any other punctuation marks.

Examples of use in context

You can only learn to distinguish introductory constructions in sentences and use correct punctuation marks through practice.

A good way to consolidate a topic and test your knowledge is to write dictations and place commas in phrases yourself. You can ask someone to read the examples below so that it is not possible to spot the correct placement of punctuation marks ahead of time.

Examples with introductory phrases:

1. Late in the evening, therefore, the suspect did not have the opportunity to be at the crime scene. He has an alibi.
2. It is unlikely that this is likely, and thus it is quite possible to argue that the option should not be taken into account when processing data.

Examples of sentences in which the phrase is not an introductory one:

1. The balance was thus maintained. The cat continued to move along the branch.
2. Equipment converted in this way lasts longer than usual.

It can be concluded

To learn how to quickly and accurately put punctuation marks into place, you need to know the rules well. There is no need to cram anything, because the best results are shown by those who well understand the meaning of grammatical and punctuation rules, and do not memorize them.

An important rule: you should not be content with a good understanding of the theory. It is better to debug in memory what has been honed in practice. In addition, only by training on real sentences can you speed up the search for the correct option.

conjunction + adverb expression; conjunction + introductory expression

1. Conjunction + adverbial expression. Same as “in this way”, “so”. An adverb does not require punctuation. Punctuation during conjunction depends on the syntactic structure of the sentence.

Mother, who knew by heart all his habits and customs, always tried to shove the unfortunate book as far away as possible., and thus The court calendar did not catch his eye sometimes for entire months. A. Pushkin, The Captain's Daughter. ...She did not at all think, as I already noted above, to subject the crocodile to retrograde and humiliating punishment with rods, but simply simply wished that his belly would be ripped open with a knife and thus Ivan Matveich was freed from its interior. F. Dostoevsky, Crocodile.

2. Conjunction + introductory expression. The words “thus” are set off by punctuation, usually commas.

She speaks so well, she suffers so pitifully, everything around her is so bad that you have no indignation against her, you pity her, you take up arms against her oppressors and thus, in her face you justify vice. N. Dobrolyubov, A ray of light in a dark kingdom. Scientists took a long time to discover and thus, it did not come as a surprise to them.

The introductory expression “thus” is not separated by a punctuation mark from the connecting conjunction “and” located at the beginning of the sentence.

Fedya did not go to college. And thus, he was drafted into the army.

For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. (Appendix 2)

• - introductory expression and adverbial expression 1. Introductory expression. Same as “therefore, means.” Indicates the connection of thoughts, the sequence of their presentation. Identified by punctuation marks, usually commas...

  Dictionary-reference book on punctuation

• - Unism. 1...

  Educational phraseological dictionary

• - colloquial conjunction 1. Used. when attaching the subordinate part of a complex sentence, in which the purpose of the action is expressed as an assumption based on something. data or considerations...

  Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

• - in this way the adverb. adv. quality-circumstances decomposition Thus...

  Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

• - in this way adverb. quality-circumstances 1. In this way; So. 2...

  Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

• - Razg. Iron. Just to no avail, no success. Sometimes a car, having slipped on all four wheels, began to slowly but surely slide to the side...
• - Simple. So, in this way. Yegor got creative, grabbed both of his tormentors by the chests, and slammed them against each other. I felt how they went limp, I wanted to repeat it in the same way, but received a heavy blow to the back of the head...

  Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

• - adverb, number of synonyms: 3 with the same success equally unsuccessfully equally unsuccessfully...

  Synonym dictionary

• Synonym dictionary

• - adverb, number of synonyms: 12 similarly in the same spirit in the same spirit in the same line in the same manner in the same way in the same way in the same way...

  Synonym dictionary

• - adverb, number of synonyms: 13 similarly in the same spirit in the same spirit in the same line in the same manner in the same way in the same way in the same way in the same way ...

  Synonym dictionary

• - adv, number of synonyms: 4 in my opinion, just like me, like me, like me...

  Synonym dictionary

• - adverb, number of synonyms: 9 in such a spirit in a similar way so in such a manner in this way in such a way in this way this way...

  Synonym dictionary

• - therefore, it follows from here, in this way, so, from which it follows, thus, it became, consequently, this, from which it is clear, from this it follows, in such a manner, in such a way of life, therefore, it turns out, in such a way, in this way. ..

  Synonym dictionary

• - sentence, number of synonyms: 1 like...

  Synonym dictionary

• - adv, number of synonyms: 4 in my opinion the same way as I, the same way as I...

  Synonym dictionary

"and thus" in books

Myth No. 47. On the eve of the war, Beria deliberately “filtered” intelligence information in such a way that reliable information did not reach Stalin

From the book 100 myths about Beria. An instigator of repression or a talented organizer? 1917-1941 author Martirosyan Arsen Benikovich

Myth No. 47. On the eve of the war, Beria deliberately “filtered” intelligence information in such a way that reliable information did not reach Stalin. You know, the answer to this myth will be extremely laconic, succinct, but tough: this is bullshit by mad idiots! And nothing

- before the essence of the matter (topic, question, problem) is realized, thus IGNORED,

From the book Hyperborean teaching author Tatishchev B Yu

Before the essence of the matter (topic, question, problem) is realized, thus IGNORED, it is one of the main symptoms of the modern so-called “mass consciousness”. It is quite obvious that with this approach the semantic essence ALWAYS remains “behind the scenes”.

author

20. Thus, to turn war into a game, only an element of chance is needed, but it is never lacking. Hence we see how the objective nature of war reduces it to taking into account chances; now only one element is missing to turn it into a game; this is the case.

From the book German Military Thought author Zalessky Konstantin Alexandrovich

29. The theory thus considers the nature of ends and means. Goal and means in tactics So, the task of theory is to consider the nature of means and goals. In tactics, the means are trained armed forces who must fight. The goal is victory. More accurate

Thus, my very first acquaintance with the experience of international congresses had a strong influence on my own style and the style of my colleagues

From the book I treated Stalin: from the secret archives of the USSR author Chazov Evgeniy Ivanovich

Thus, my very first acquaintance with the experience of international congresses had a strong influence on my own style and the style of my collaborators. The Congress also showed the importance of new methods. By that time we had neither new models of instruments nor the necessary reagents, and

“It’s a pity that we’re parting like this”

From the book of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ministers of Foreign Affairs. Kremlin secret diplomacy author Mlechin Leonid Mikhailovich

“It’s a pity that we are parting in this way” In May 1986, at a meeting at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Shevardnadze said that it was necessary to abandon the previous postulate: the Soviet Union should be as strong as any possible coalition of those opposing it

Chapter 9 Germany closes the Dardanelles and thus cuts off Russia from its allies

From the book The Tragedy of the Armenian People. The Story of Ambassador Morgenthau author Morgenthau Henry

Chapter 9 Germany closes the Dardanelles and thus cuts off Russia from her allies On September 27, the British ambassador, Sir Louis Mallett, entered my office. He was more than excited. The Khedive of Egypt has just left me, and I started talking to Sir Louis about Egyptian affairs.

Why is my middle finger the longest and why did it develop this way?

From the book Oddities of our body. Entertaining anatomy by Juan Stephen

Why is my middle finger the longest and why did it develop this way? So that they can show rude gestures! This, of course, is an overly bold answer, but in fact there are no convincing explanations for this fact, except that the size of each finger varies

I never thought that I would cure neurodermatitis this way

From the book How I Cured Skin Diseases author Arkadyev P V

I never thought that I would cure neurodermatitis this way. I am 38 years old. I have always had neurodermatitis all my life, since I was eight years old. I knew it had to do with nerves and the nervous system, but in recent years I have had a very calm life. And in general, I didn’t have any special

20. Thus, to turn war into a game, only an element of chance is needed, but it is never lacking

author von Clausewitz Carl

20. Thus, to turn war into a game, only an element of chance is needed, but it is never lacking. Hence we see how the objective nature of war reduces it to taking into account chances; now only one element is missing to turn it into a game; this is the case.

29. The theory thus considers the nature of ends and means. Goal and means in tactics

From the book About War. Parts 1-4 author von Clausewitz Carl

29. The theory thus considers the nature of ends and means. Goal and means in tactics So, the task of theory is to consider the nature of means and goals. In tactics, the means are trained armed forces who must fight. The goal is victory. More accurate

Announcement 83 About the fact that we need to remember what we represent, as a result of what and what we have become and where we will go, so that, thus, having ended a good life, we can receive eternal rewards

From the book Volume V. Book 1. Moral and ascetic creations author Studit Theodore

Announcement 83<581>About the fact that we need to remember what we represent, as a result of what and what we have become and where we will go, so that, thus, having ended a good life, we will receive eternal rewards, Brothers and Fathers. I see and notice that I have no other way to benefit you,

The goal is to rise, and thus everyone rises

From the book Book 21. Kabbalah. Questions and answers. Forum 2001 (old edition) author Laitman Michael

The goal is to rise, and thus everyone rises. Question: You have said many times that no “bad” physical actions can influence the spiritual worlds. The spiritual worlds are not some kind of “spaces” that are “out there somewhere”, but represent measures

31. Thus you testify against yourselves that you are the sons of those who killed the prophets;

From the book The Explanatory Bible. Volume 9 author Lopukhin Alexander

31. Thus you testify against yourselves that you are the sons of those who killed the prophets; In Acts. 7:52 the first martyr Stephen speaks in the same words: “Which of the prophets did not your fathers persecute? They killed those who foretold the coming of the Righteous One, whom the traitors and

The game is endless if you play it this way

From the book Lessons of Icarus. How high can you fly? by Godin Seth

The game is endless if you play it this way. If something works, then instinct tells us not to try any more. Why want anything more? If, on the other hand, you are playing some game, then the goal is to keep playing. Work

The phrase “thus” is included in the group of introductory words. They communicate the speaker’s attitude to its meaning and give the text an intonation and semantic nuance.

When "thus" is separated by a comma

The phrase has a connotation of generalization, conclusion, conclusion. Other introductory words also belong to this group:

• "in a word";
• "comes out";
• "All in all";
• "that is";
• “So there you go.”

They indicate a certain conclusion from what was said earlier, are synonymous with each other and can be mutually replaced.

“So you are enrolled in the first year.”

“It turns out that you are enrolled in the first year.”

“So, you are enrolled in the first year.

All introductory words are separated by a comma.

There are two ways to check whether or not to put a comma after the phrase “thus”:

1 If a phrase can be removed from a sentence without losing its meaning, then this introductory word is set off with a comma.

“Thus, you have become a member of our society.”

The truncated sentence: “You have become a member of our society” does not change the overall meaning. So, a comma is necessary here.

2 If “thus” can be replaced with any word from the list above, then we are dealing with an introductory word and highlight it with a comma.

“We have thus witnessed an event of historical importance.”

"We have therefore witnessed an event of historical importance."

“We, in a word, witnessed an event of historical importance.”

This example demonstrates another rule: if the introductory word is in the middle of a sentence, it is separated by commas on both sides.

“The detachment thus successfully reached the appointed place.”

When “thus” is not separated by a comma.

If a phrase cannot be removed from a sentence without losing its meaning, then it is a member of the sentence and is not separated by a comma.

“The workers left the concrete in the concrete mixer overnight. You can’t act this way!”

When an adverb is removed, the sentence loses its meaning. Any synonyms are also inappropriate here, except for another adverb “so”, which is a test word.

“Our economy should act in this way: introduce technology, reduce energy costs and material consumption.”

Here “thus” replaces the generic word, preceded by a colon.

“In this way, Andrei Rublev plunged his contemporaries into amazement and admiration of Christ and with such an icon painting technique.”

Here “thus” is a combination of a pronoun and a noun and, naturally, is not separated by a comma.

Double comma placement

In some cases, sentences are ambiguous in meaning and cannot be verified in the ways discussed above.

“Thus the contradiction was eliminated.”

In this case, an explanation is implied and a comma is not required.

"Thus the contradiction was eliminated."

Here the phrase is an introductory word that should be separated by a comma. It can be replaced with the word “so”.

Whether “thus” is emphasized by commas or not depends on the previous context, and in spoken language this is determined by intonation. But it is better to avoid such an ambiguous interpretation.

“The contradiction was eliminated in this way: the fifth paragraph of the resolution was removed.”

Here everything is interpreted unambiguously.