TEM, union. Enters comparison. Art. and indicates an increase in intensity as a consequence of what is being communicated in the main clause. I am needed here, because it is more difficult for me to leave. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

TEM, union. Enters comparison. and indicates an increase in intensity as a consequence of what is being communicated in the main clause. I am needed here, because it is more difficult for me to leave. All the better about something that can be good and useful in its consequences. He… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Particle. (with adj. and adverb. in comparative art.). Indicates a high degree of manifestation of the specified symptom or condition. I am needed here, because it is more difficult for me to leave. He is a strict person, that is, his praise is more valuable. T. is worse for you. ◁ Moreover, in the particles. AND… … encyclopedic Dictionary

those- particle. see also all the more, especially since, nevertheless, the more, the better, thereby with adj. and adv. in comparison Art. Indicates a high degree of manifestation of the decree... Dictionary of many expressions

Adverb, number of synonyms: 1 in the same spirit (15) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

meanwhile- adverb, conjunction and member of sentence 1. Adverb. Same as “at the same time, in the meantime.” Does not require punctuation. Alexey (the reader already recognized him) meanwhile was looking intently at the young peasant woman. A. Pushkin, Young Peasant Lady.... ... Dictionary-reference book on punctuation

Adj., number of synonyms: 2 who paid in the same (5) who paid with the same coin (11) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin... Synonym dictionary

Adj., number of synonyms: 5 repaying in kind (4) measuring in the same measure (3) ... Synonym dictionary

UNDER YOUR NOSE- take place; do something In close proximity, next to someone. This means that an event (P) occurs, and an object or person (Y) does something. within the reach of another person or group of persons (X); Moreover, the one in question is not... Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language

Books

• TopGear Best Travel Unforgettable trips to the most stunning places on the planet, Alcheev I. (trans.). For once, we're not just talking about cars. Here - between the first and fourth sides of the cover you will see what real adventure, determination, danger,...
• The entire school course. 1000 most important topics, Beletskaya Tatyana Aleksandrovna, Vinogradova Tatyana Mikhailovna, Volovichkov Gennady Gennadievich. The directory contains information on the main school subjects: Russian language, literature, history, social studies, English, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and computer science.…
• A book for the formation of ideas about time and the development of coherent speech based on lexical topics studied in kindergarten, Mogileva Irina Olegovna. This is not an ordinary book; it is a book without words. The pictures in it do not illustrate anything, but tell the story themselves (due to the large number of objects depicted, these books are also called...

20 years ago, American writers Ellen Fein and Sherry Schneider collected advice on how a woman can get the man of her dreams in their best-selling book. Since then, the feminist movement has been revived and strengthened, and such literature has received the label “sexist.” However, “New Rules” is still being republished and finds many fans and followers. What's the secret?

For years, gurus Ellen Fein and Sherry Schneider have analyzed the behavior of women who were happy in their personal lives—those who had many admirers, who were married well, and who were happy in their marriages. Oprah Winfrey called their best-selling book “Rules for Winning the Heart of the Man of Your Dreams” a phenomenon and twice invited the authors to her talk show. People magazine classified the book as a must-read, and glossy magazines called it the best publication about relationships. The authors assure: over the 20 years of the existence of the “Rules”, millions of women have been able to experience their absolute effectiveness. They received a relationship full of love and respect, which flowed into a happy and strong marriage. In New Rules, writers help modern women and girls communicate through Facebook, Skype, SMS, etc. and at the same time remain mysterious, support the hunter’s instinct in a man when there is so much “easy prey” around him, get married in an era when everyone lives in civil marriages and is in no hurry to take responsibility.

“Men love a challenge and lose interest when the object of this interest - and especially a woman - comes too easy for them.”

“The secret way to get a guy: be a challenge for him. Treat him as if you don't care about him,” urge Ellen Fein and Sherry Schneider. In their opinion, it is necessary to create an atmosphere of mystery and make a man passionately desire to meet you, which is very rare these days. “The Rules is a way of communicating with any man (provided he is the first to start a conversation with you, in person or online) that makes him obsessed with you and ready for a serious relationship.”

How to Marry the Man of Your Dreams, According to Ellen Fein and Sherry Schneider

Be a girl different from the rest and look like a girl different from the rest.

Do not approach a man first and do not start a conversation, do not call or write to a man first.

Do not ask men out on a date via SMS, social networks or any other means.

Wait at least 4 hours before responding to a man's first message, and at least half an hour before responding to each subsequent message.

“We’ll talk/write later”: always finish everything first - and disappear from sight!

Do not respond to SMS or any other messages after midnight.

Don't accept an invitation to a Saturday date later than Wednesday. “Proper girls” lead busy lives. Surely you've already made your weekend plans before Thursday rolls around! If he invites you too late, don't reprimand him. Just say that you are very sorry, but you are busy.

Make yourself "invisible" for instant messaging. Even if nothing is happening in your life, you should not notify the guy about it by instantly responding to his messages. As with any other form of communication, he must wait for the opportunity to talk to you. To be interesting to you, he will have to work hard. Don’t deprive your man of this opportunity by immediately responding to messages and spending hours online! Remember, you have your own life (school, work, friends, hobbies, workouts and, hopefully, dates), and there is only 10 minutes left for chatting and no more. If a guy has a lot to tell you and a lot to ask, he can do it during a date!

Don't spend 24 hours a day, seven days a week with him.

Long-distance relationships: let him offer to communicate more often on Skype and visit you.

Don't text men first, ignore emoticons and winks on online dating sites.

Don't pay for dinner or buy his love in any way.

Don't be self-destructive when dating married men. If he wants to see you, tell him to call you when he becomes single. And after that, no communication, forget him, say “next!” - and focus on finding men who are truly free.

Don't date a man who cancels your dates more than once.

Do not send a man anything that would be unpleasant to leave with him in the event of your separation.

Don't settle for one-night stands or meaningless relationships.

Don't rush to sleep with a man. “The right girl” makes a guy wait to help him fall in love with her, with her soul, with her essence - and not just with her body. The longer you delay intimacy, the longer he will be able to look after you, plan romantic encounters and dream about you. Men love challenges and don't appreciate anything that comes too easily to them, especially sex!

Don't date a man without commitment! If your relationship lasts more than a year and at the same time it is “correct” (you allowed the man to “chase you”, met him no more than 2-3 times a week, refused to spend vacations with him, did not move in with him), then most helped him fall in love with you and want to get married. A man wants to see you more and more. But if after a year of dating a man has not asked to marry him, you should tell him that you are a girl of an old-fashioned upbringing and are not going to date anyone forever. If he starts making excuses, suggest taking a break in the relationship. Ask him to think things through alone and call when he's ready to commit.

There are rules in the Russian language, the formulation of which turns out to be quite complex, it is difficult to reduce it to some kind of elementary scheme (for example, the rule for spelling adverbs). At first glance, the rule for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, phrases and sentences consists of a single formulation - they are highlighted on both sides of the letter with commas. However, in fact, the difficulties associated with the use of introductory words and phrases in texts lead to a huge number of errors in the written work of schoolchildren and applicants.

Standard errors associated with punctuation in introductory words are the following:
The word that is introductory is not highlighted;
A word is highlighted that is mistakenly taken as an introductory one, but is not one;
The writer uses punctuation marks inaccurately when including an introductory word in the text.
In the first paragraph of this article you can find four cases of using the rule for punctuation with introductory words, although there is only one introductory word - “for example”. The word “however” is not introductory in the proposed context, performing the function of the conjunction “but”; the combinations “at first glance” and “in fact”, considered by many writers as introductory, are not such at all.

So, what words will be introductory and what are the features of using punctuation marks in introductory constructions?

Introductory words and sentences that are not grammatically related to the general structure of the sentence are called introductory. Introductory words are not parts of a sentence; they cannot be asked questions. Introductory sentences and plug-in constructions are not included in the overall outline of the sentence and represent comments that are not related or not closely related to the overall meaning of the sentence. Both introductory words and introductory sentences are isolated, that is, the writer uses an emphasizing punctuation mark - paired commas, dashes, parentheses.

Below we will try to understand the specifics of the rules for using introductory words and phrases in the text. In order for everyone to check how accurately they understood the proposed section of the rule, after each fragment they will be offered exercises for independent analysis. Our exercises are somewhat different from those offered in most textbooks. These are not separate phrases, but a coherent text, not entirely traditional in content, but extremely rich in introductory combinations, which will allow you to more effectively work through the completed section of the rule.

Basic rule: The introductory word or phrase is separated by commas on both sides.

The main mistake of most writers is related to inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted, and which words are never introductory.

GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.

1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to annoyance, to horror, to misfortune, what good...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, possibly, true, maybe, should be, it seems, in all likelihood, apparently, essentially, essentially, I think... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand... This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to..., according to rumors, according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, remember...
6. introductory words, which represent the speaker’s address to the interlocutor: do you see, know, understand, forgive, please, agree...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the extent of what is being said: at most, at least...
8. introductory words showing the degree of ordinaryness of what was said: it happens, it happened, as usual...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: jokes aside, it’s funny to say, honestly, between us...

Writers' mistakes are associated, first of all, with the incorrect characterization of a word as an introductory one, in other words, with the isolation of a word that is not an introductory one.

The following words are not introductory words and are not separated by commas in writing:
literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which are most often mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.
by tradition, by advice..., by direction..., by request..., by order..., by plan...- these combinations act as non-isolated members of the sentence - On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University. By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet. According to the author, the novel was supposed to cover the period up to 1825.

Task 1. Place the missing punctuation marks. Try to figure out which groups the introductory words used in the text belong to.

To my shame, I do not read serious literature, preferring detective stories and between us romance novels. Firstly, it seems that I don’t always correctly grasp the author’s intention, but I can well follow the twists and turns of the plot of a crime story. Secondly, I am absolutely not interested in descriptions of the fictional experiences of the characters, so I, as usual, skip almost half of the book. Apparently I am just one of those people who, to put it mildly, should not read “serious” literature. In addition, this literature, in my opinion, is often written by people who have not fully realized themselves in practical activities, in other words, the unemployed, and detective stories are created by former and current employees of the competent authorities, who, you agree, have proven their right to understand the essence of what they are describing. Of course, from the point of view of style, these novels, unfortunately, seem to be copied from one another, but the plots can, without any doubt, excite even an honored philologist.
For example, one cannot help but be captivated by novels about the everyday life of police officers. According to literary scholars, these books are allegedly devoid of artistic merit. Therefore, reading such a work does not essentially develop our intelligence, but believe me, the pleasure of the process of complicity in the investigation of a bloody crime essentially adds so much adrenaline that intelligence increases as if on its own. Sometimes the reader guesses before the characters in the novel who, according to the author’s plan, is committing the crime. Maybe it is precisely this illusion of your superiority over the police officers participating in the action that gives you, among other things, a feeling of involvement in the novel’s plot, while unfortunately no one can even virtually imagine themselves as one of the heroes of a postmodern novel.
Further, any detective reading knows that evil will ultimately be punished and, of course, justice will prevail. Thus, these books provide an opportunity to hope for the triumph of good, and in my opinion, this alone is a fairly compelling reason for the publication of such works that essentially do not bother anyone. Maybe many will not agree with me, but you must agree, we all know people who have never mastered “War and Peace” and are unlikely to remember the contents of the novel “Oblomov”, but to be honest, even my friends, professors and academicians, often spend their leisure time leafing through new detective.

Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence:

MAYBE and COULD BE, MUST BE, SEEMED act as introductory notes if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - Maybe I’ll come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; maybe he got sick. This must be your first time encountering such a phenomenon. I think I saw him somewhere. These same words can turn out to be predicates - What can a meeting with you bring me? How can a person be so dispensable! This should be your own decision. This all seems very suspicious to me.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, SEEN turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement - You obviously want to apologize for your action? Next month I may go on vacation. Apparently you don't want to tell us the whole truth? The same words can be included in the predicates - It became obvious to everyone that we need to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
SURELY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You probably (= should be) do not understand how important it is to do this on time. You, right, are the same Sidorov? She was definitely a beauty. All these arguments, of course, are just our assumptions for now. These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He translated the text correctly (= correctly, circumstance of the course of action). I don’t know for sure (=certainly, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=naturally) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He is a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too. This word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of “at the same time” - I’ll go for a walk, by the way, I’ll buy bread.
BY THE WAY, it turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts - Her parents, friends and, by the way, her best friend are against the trip. This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context - He made a long speech, in which he among other things noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word, it indicates a connection of thoughts - First of all (=first of all), is it necessary to raise such a sensitive topic at all? The same word can act as an adverb of time (= first) - First of all, I want to say hello from your parents. It must be said that in the same phrase “first of all” can be considered either introductory or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, PROPERLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported - From this hill, really (= exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the best view opened up. There is no doubt (=really, really) that your child is capable of music. He certainly read this novel. - or to the method of forming thoughts - That, in fact, is the whole story. These same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings - I really am the way you imagined me (= in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= without a doubt, in fact). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I had nothing actually against the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (=in general, exactly). The words “really” and “unconditionally,” depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.
THUS, NEXT, THEN, FINALLY, FINALLY as introductory words they indicate a sequence of thoughts - And, then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will talk about our conclusions. Thus (=so), our results do not at all contradict those obtained by other scientists. She is smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. What, after all, do you want from me? Typically, sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations; the words themselves have the meaning “and also.” In the context above, the words “firstly”, “secondly”, “on the one hand”, etc. may appear. “Thus” in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.

These same words are not highlighted as introductory in meaning: “in this way” = “in this way” - In this way he was able to move the heavy cabinet. “Next” = “then” - Next, the floor is given to the second opponent. Typically, tense adverbials, such as “first,” are found in the preceding context. “Later” = “then, after that” - And then he became a famous scientist. “Finally” = “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything” - Finally, all the affairs were successfully completed. Usually in this meaning the particle “-that” can be added to the word “finally”, which cannot be done if “finally” is an introductory word. In the same meanings as above for “finally”, the combination “eventually” is not introductory - Eventually (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER, it is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence - Rain, however, has been falling for the second week, despite weather forecasters. How cleverly I did it, however! “However” does not turn out to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence and at the beginning of a part of a complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (=but) - However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We didn't expect to meet, but we were lucky.
GENERALLY is introductory in the sense of “generally speaking”, when it indicates the way thoughts are formed - His work, in general, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word “in general” is an adverb meaning “in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always” - Ostrovsky is for Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. According to the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
IN MY opinion, IN YOUR opinion, IN OUR opinion, IN YOUR opinion are introductory, indicating the source of the message - Your child, in my opinion, has a cold. Do you think this proves something? The word “in his own way” is not introductory - He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicating the degree of reliability of the statement - We, of course, are ready to help you with everything. Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally highlighted with a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an intensifying particle - I certainly would have agreed if you had warned me in advance.
ANYWAY more often it is introductory and used for evaluation - I, in any case, would not like to remember this. These words, in any case, indicate the seriousness of his attitude towards life. In the meaning of “always, under any circumstances,” this combination is not introductory - In any case, I had to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, more often than not, it is NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of “really” - Petya is really good at computers. I really have nothing to do with this. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory, if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - Why are you really pretending to be a smart guy?
IN ITS TURN it can be introductory when it indicates the connection of thoughts or the way thoughts are formed - Among the many modern writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, “The Novel” can be especially highlighted. Having asked me to help him with his work, he, in turn, did not mess around either. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meaning “in response”, “for one’s part” (= when it’s the turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.
MEANS is introductory if it can be replaced with the words “therefore”, “therefore” - The message is complex, which means it needs to be conveyed today. The rain has already stopped, which means we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard, it means she feels she is right. This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to “means” - A dog means more to him than a wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him with everything. “So” can appear between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before “means” - To be offended means to recognize oneself as weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
ON the contrary, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts - He did not want to offend her, but, on the contrary, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she, on the contrary, sits at home all day. The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory one; it is used as a word that replaces a whole sentence or part of it. – In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you study, the higher grades you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study little, the grades will be bad; the comma before “and” ends up at the end of the sentence - it’s like a complex sentence, where “on the contrary” replaces its second Part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before “and”, since “on the contrary” replaces a homogeneous subordinate clause).
AT LEAST it is introductory, if the assessment matters - Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork. This phrase can be used in the meaning of “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated - She will at least know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five from the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM VIEWPOINT is introductory meaning "in opinion" - From my grandmother's point of view, a girl should not wear trousers. Her answer, from the point of view of the examiners, is worthy of the highest mark. The same phrase may have the meaning “in relation to” and then it is not introductory - The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of the heroes of some literary works from the point of view of modern morality, then it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as introductory if it indicates the connection of thoughts in a statement - She is interested, in particular, in the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage No. 187. If the combination IN PARTICULAR is at the beginning or end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section) – I love books about animals, in particular about dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed in Spain this summer. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the conjunction “and” with the word “in general” - The conversation turned to politics in general and in particular about the latest government decisions.
MAINLY it is introductory, when it serves to evaluate a fact, highlight it in a statement - The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, such chapters should be added to it... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners. This combination may be part of a connecting construction, in which case, if it stands at its beginning or end, it is not separated from the construction itself by a comma - Many Russian people, mainly representatives of the intelligentsia, did not believe the government’s promises. In the meaning of “first of all,” “most of all,” this combination is not introductory and is not isolated - He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like about him mainly is his attitude towards his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE, it will always be introductory, but it is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides - Pavel Petrovich is an extremely attentive person to his appearance, for example, he carefully cares for his nails. If “for example” appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated term, then it is not isolated from this phrase by a comma - In many large cities, for example in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, for example "Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace", served as the basis for the creation of feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after “for example” there may be a colon if “for example” comes after a generalizing word before a series of homogeneous members - Some fruits can cause allergies, for example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.

Task 2. In the text below, place punctuation marks for introductory words. In the phrase in italics, all punctuation marks are missing, try to place them and explain what rules of the Russian language had to be used.

Student 6 "B" class Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. Naturally, his laziness led to him getting bad grades at school, and therefore, of course, he was also a poor student. In general, he could sometimes fight his laziness and then, to the joy of all the teachers, he received a “B”, but Nikita did not often have the desire to overcome himself. By the way, his laziness extended only to doing homework and maybe some other unpleasant chores around the house, such as washing dishes and cleaning the room. But Nikita had time and energy for pranks, computer games and, of course, football. Actually, Pryshchikov had nothing against going to school; some lessons, in particular physical education and drawing, even brought pleasure, but mathematics and mainly the Russian language caused unbearable suffering. First of all, he did not always understand the rule correctly, but perceived it in his own way, as it seemed to him more accurately. Further, Nikita could not apply this rule in practice, which means he made a lot of mistakes. Perhaps he needed more time to understand the material, but Nikita didn’t have it. Coming home from school, he first turned on the computer and played for at least an hour with a toy that was interesting and useful from his point of view. Then he ran into the yard and played football, demonstrating the agility and quick reaction undoubtedly inherent in a boy. He really loved sports, and then a boy needs to run and jump, in the end he must grow up strong and strong. Sitting at home and reading boring books means becoming lethargic and weak, and this in turn can lead to illness. In fact, isn't football more important than books? Nikita expressed these thoughts to his father, and he, in turn, supported his son and protected him from his mother, who, on the contrary, considered the most important thing to be “A” in the diary.
Then Nikita rested, watched TV or played on the computer again. After that, there were just 30 minutes left for lessons, because my mother demanded that I go to bed no later than 21.30. And it was precisely during these half-hours that laziness attacked Nikita, at least this state could only be called that way. The boy listlessly flipped through the pages of his textbooks, mainly trying to remember what was discussed in class and convincing himself that he already remembered everything, and closed the books. Thus, the lessons ultimately remained undone, and among the teachers the opinion grew stronger that Nikita Pryshchikov was undoubtedly a lazy person. You don't really think so?

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Recently, a cheat sheet on the Russian language spread across LJ. I took it from here: http://natalyushko.livejournal.com/533497.html

However, there were errors and inaccuracies.

I corrected what I noticed, plus added information from my notebook and other sources.

Use it. =)

If you notice any errors or have any additions, please write about it.

Editor's note. Part 1

Commas, punctuation
“In addition” is ALWAYS highlighted with commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

“Most likely” in the meaning of “very likely, most likely” is separated by commas (Of course, it’s all because of the cognac and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely have remained silent.).
In the meaning of “quickest” - NO (This is the most likely way to get to the house.).

"Quicker". If it means “better, more willingly”, then WITHOUT commas. For example: “She would rather die than betray him.” Also WITHOUT commas, if it means “better to say.” For example: “making some remark or rather an exclamation.”
BUT! A comma is needed if this is an introductory word expressing the author’s assessment of the degree of reliability of this statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of “most likely” or “most likely”). For example: “He cannot be called a smart person - rather, he is on his own mind.”

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is NOT separated by commas at the beginning of the response, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!

In other cases, a comma is REQUIRED.
The expressions “in general”, “in general” are SEPARATED in the meaning “in short, in a word”, then they are introductory.
A comma after “a”, “but”, etc. is NOT needed: “But first of all, I want to say.”
When clarifying, the entire phrase is highlighted: “There is hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed.”

“at least”, “at least” - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”

“in turn” - is not separated by a comma in the meaning “for its part”, “in response, when it was the turn.” And the quality of introductory ones is isolated.

“literally” - not introductory, not separated by commas

"Hence". If the meaning is “therefore, therefore, it means,” then commas are needed. For example: “So you, therefore, are our neighbors.”
BUT! If it means “therefore, as a result of this, based on the fact that,” then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I found a job, therefore we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; “You can’t bake a cake, so I’ll bake it.”

"Least". If it means “the least”, then without commas. For example: “At least I’ll wash the dishes”; “He made at least a dozen mistakes.”
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: “At a minimum, this approach involves control,” “To do this, you need, at a minimum, to understand politics.”

“that is, if”, “especially if” - a comma is usually not needed

“That is” is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on either side. This is a conjunction, a comma is placed before it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that comes after it).
For example: “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour’s walk” (a comma is needed), “There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you walk slowly, an hour’s walk (a comma after “that is” is placed to highlight the subordinate clause "if you go slowly")

“In any case” are separated by commas as introductory ones if they are used in the meaning “at least”.

“Besides that”, “besides this”, “besides everything (other)”, “besides everything (other)” are isolated as introductory ones.
BUT! “Besides that” is a conjunction, a comma is NOT needed. For example: “In addition to not doing anything himself, he also makes claims against me.”

“Thanks to this”, “thanks to that”, “thanks to that” and “along with that” - a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

“Moreover” - WITHOUT a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “especially if”, etc. — a comma is needed before “even more so.” For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “especially if it is meant”, “rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you”, “you shouldn’t sit at home, especially if your partner invites you to the dance."

“Moreover” is highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (on the left).

“Nevertheless” - a comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: “He has decided everything, however, I will try to convince him.”
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If "however" means "but", then the comma on the right side is NOT placed. (An exception is if this is an interjection. For example: “However, what a wind!”)

“In the end” - if it means “in the end”, then a comma is NOT placed.

“Really” is NOT separated by commas in the meaning of “in fact” (that is, if this is a circumstance expressed by an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective “valid” - “real, genuine”. For example: “Its bark itself is thin, not like oak or pine, which are really not afraid of the hot rays of the sun”; “You are really very tired.”

“Indeed” can act as an introductory and SEPARATE. The introductory word is characterized by intonation isolation - it expresses the speaker’s confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the author of the text decides on the placement of punctuation marks.

“Because” - a comma is NOT needed if it is a conjunction, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical examination because he fought in Vietnam,” “maybe it’s all because I love when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because replace with “because” it is forbidden).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is “be that as it may.” Then this is introductory. For example: “She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything.”
BUT! The adverbial expression “one way or another” (the same as “in one way or another” or “in any case”) does NOT require punctuation. For example: “War is necessary one way or another.”

Always WITHOUT commas:
Firstly
at first sight
like
it seems
for sure
similarly
More or less
literally
in addition
in the (eventual) end
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
Anyway
at the same time
overall
mostly
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
subsequently
otherwise
as a result
due to this
after all
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
at most
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
approximately
with all that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
equally
the biggest
at the very least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
I guess
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
as if
traditionally
supposedly

The comma is NOT included
at the beginning of a sentence:
“Before... I found myself...”
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Although…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
"Actually..."
"While…"
“Especially since...”
"Nevertheless…"
“Despite the fact that...” (at the same time - separately); There is NO comma before “what”.
"If…"
"After…"
“And...”

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” is NOT separated by commas.

“And this despite the fact that...” - a comma is ALWAYS placed in the middle of a sentence!

“Based on this, ...” - a comma is placed at the beginning of the sentence. BUT: “He did this based on...” - a comma is NOT used.

“After all, if..., then...” - a comma is NOT placed before “if”, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction - “then”. If there is no “then”, then a comma is placed before “if”!

“For less than two years...” - a comma is NOT placed before “what”, because This is NOT a comparison.

A comma is placed before “HOW” only in case of comparison.

“Politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is added because there is a noun "policy".
BUT: “...politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov...” - a comma is NOT placed before “how”.

Commas are NOT used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God’s sake” - are not separated by commas, + the word “God” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are placed in both directions:
“Thank God” in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
“By God” - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word “God” in this case is written with a small letter).
“Oh my God” - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence, “God” - with a small letter.

If introductory word Can omit or rearrange to another place in the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the conjunctions “and” and “but”), then the conjunction is not included in the introductory construction - a comma is NEEDED. For example: “Firstly, it became dark, and, secondly, everyone was tired.”

If introductory word remove or rearrange it is forbidden , then a comma after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction “a”) is NOT placed. For example: “She simply forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it,” “..., and therefore, …”, “..., and maybe …”, “..., and therefore, …”.

If introductory word Can remove or rearrange, then a comma is NEEDED after the conjunction “a”, since it is not associated with the introductory word, i.e., welded combinations such as “and therefore”, “and however”, “and therefore”, “and maybe”, etc. p.. For example: “She not only didn’t love him, but maybe even despised him.”

If at first sentences worth coordinating union(in the connecting meaning) (“and”, “yes” in the meaning of “and”, “too”, “also”, “and that”, “and that”, “yes and”, “and also”, etc.) , and then an introductory word, then there is NO need for a comma in front of it. For example: “And really, you shouldn’t have done that”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “And finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have come to light”; “But of course, everything ended well.”

It happens rarely: if at first offers worth joining union, A the introductory construction stands out intonationally, then commas are NEEDED. For example: “But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced...”; “And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing.”

Basic groups of introductory words
and phrases
(set off by commas + on both sides in the middle of the sentence)

1. Expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:
to annoyance
to amazement
Unfortunately
unfortunately
unfortunately
to joy
Unfortunately
to shame
fortunately
to the surprise
to horror
bad luck
for joy
for luck
the hour is not exactly
there's no point in hiding
by misfortune
luckily
strange affair
amazing thing
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reality of what is being communicated (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):
without any doubts
undoubtedly
undoubtedly
may be
right
probably
apparently
Maybe
Indeed
in fact
there must be
Think
Seems
it would seem
Certainly
Maybe
May be
Maybe
Hope
presumably
is not it
undoubtedly
obviously
apparently
in all probability
truly
perhaps
I guess
in fact
essentially
Truth
right
of course
goes without saying
tea, etc.

3. Indicating the source of what is being reported:
They say
they say
they say
transmit
In your
according to...
I remember
In my
in our opinion
according to legend
according to information...
according to…
according to rumors
according to message...
in your opinion
audible
report, etc.

4. Indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:
All in all
Firstly,
secondly, etc.
however
Means
in particular
The main thing
Further
Means
So
For example
Besides
by the way
By the way
by the way
by the way
finally
vice versa
For example
against
I repeat
I emphasize
more than that
on the other side
On the one side
that is
thus, etc.
as it were
whatever it was

5. Indicating techniques and ways of formatting expressed thoughts:
or rather
generally speaking
in other words
if I may say so
if I may say so
in other words
in other words
in short
better to say
to put it mildly
in a word
simply put
in a word
as a matter of fact
if I may say so
so to speak
to be precise
what is it called, etc.

6. Representing appeals to the interlocutor (reader) in order to attract his attention to what is being reported, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented:
do you believe
do you believe
do you see
you see)
imagine
let's say
do you know)
Do you know)
Sorry)
believe me
Please
understand
do you understand
do you understand
listen
suppose
Imagine
Sorry)
let's say
agree
agree, etc.

7. Measures indicating an assessment of what is being said:
at least, at least - are isolated only when inverted: “This issue was discussed twice, at least.”
the biggest
at the very least

8. Showing the degree of normality of what is being reported:
It happens
it happened
as usual
according to custom
happens

9. Expressive statements:
All jokes aside
between us it will be said
just between you and me
need to say
it won't be said as a reproach
frankly
according to conscience
in fairness
admit say
to speak honestly
funny to say
Honestly.

Set expressions with comparison
(without commas):
poor as a church mouse
white as a harrier
white as a sheet
white as snow
fight like a fish on ice
pale as death
shines like a mirror
the disease vanished as if by hand
fear like fire
wanders like a restless man
rushed like crazy
mumbles like a sexton
ran in like crazy
lucky, as a drowned man
spinning like a squirrel in a wheel
visible as day
squeals like a pig
lies like a gray gelding
everything is going like clockwork
everything is as chosen
jumped up as if scalded
jumped up as if stung
stupid as a plug
looked like a wolf
goal like a falcon
hungry as wolf
as far as heaven from earth
shaking as if with a fever
trembled like an aspen leaf
he's like water off a duck's back
wait like manna from heaven
wait like a holiday
lead a cat and dog life
live like a bird of heaven
fell asleep like the dead
frozen like a statue
lost like a needle in a haystack
sounds like music
healthy as a bull
know how to peel
have at one's fingertips
fits like a cow's saddle
goes next to me like it's sewn on
like he sank into the water
roll around like cheese in butter
sways like a drunk
swayed (swayed) like jelly
handsome as god
red like a tomato
red as a lobster
strong (strong) like an oak
screams like a catechumen
light as a feather
flies like an arrow
bald as a knee
it's raining cats and dogs
waves his arms like a windmill
rushing around like crazy
wet as a mouse
gloomy as a cloud
dropping like flies
hope like a stone wall
people like sardines in a barrel
dress up like a doll
can't see my ears
silent as the grave
dumb as a fish
rush (rush) like crazy
rush (rush) like crazy
running around like a fool with a written bag
runs around like a chicken and an egg
needed like air
needed like last year's snow
needed like the fifth spoke in a chariot
Like a dog needs a fifth leg
peel off like sticky
one like a finger
remained broke like a lobster
stopped dead in his tracks
razor sharp
different as day from night
different as heaven from earth
bake like pancakes
turned white as a sheet
turned pale as death
repeated as if in delirium
you'll go like a darling
remember your name
remember like in a dream
get caught like chickens in cabbage soup
hit like a gun on the head
sprinkle like a cornucopia
similar as two peas in a pod
sank like a stone
appear as if by command of a pike
loyal like a dog
stuck like a bath leaf
fall through the ground
good (useful) like milk from a goat
disappeared as if into the water
just like a knife to the heart
burned like fire
works like an ox
understands oranges like a pig
disappeared like smoke
play it like clockwork
grow like mushrooms after the rain
grow by leaps and bounds
drop from the clouds
fresh like blood and milk
fresh as a cucumber
sat as if chained
sit on pins and needles
sit on coals
listened as if spellbound
looked enchanted
slept like a log
rush like hell
stands like a statue
slender as a Lebanese cedar
melts like a candle
hard as a rock
dark as night
accurate as a clock
skinny as a skeleton
cowardly as a hare
died like a hero
fell as if knocked down
stubborn as a sheep
stuck like a bull
mulish
tired as a dog
cunning like a fox
cunning like a fox
it's pouring out like a bucket
walked around like a daze
walked like a birthday boy
walk on a thread
cold as ice
skinny as a sliver
black as coal
black as hell
feel at home
feel like you're behind a stone wall
feel like a fish in water
staggered like a drunk
It's like being executed
as clear as two and two is four
clear as day, etc.

Do not confuse with homogeneous members

1. The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are NOT separated by a comma:
neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
no end or edge;
neither light nor dawn;
not a sound, not a breath;
neither to yourself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason about anything;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and this way and that;
both day and night;
both laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
in both.

(General rule: a comma is not placed inside complete phraseological expressions formed by two words with opposite meanings, connected by a repeated conjunction “and” or “nor”)

2. NOT separated by comma:

1) Verbs in the same form, indicating movement and its purpose.
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go take a look.
2) Forming a semantic unity.
Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3) Paired combinations of a synonymous, antonymous or associative nature.
Seek the truth.
There is no end.
Honor and praise to all.
Let's go.
Everything is covered.
It's nice to see.
Questions of purchase and sale.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4) Compound words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs that contrast something).
For some people, but you can’t.
It’s somewhere, somewhere, and everything is there.

Compiled by -

Look, Lebedev writes nonsense about the ear.

You must not lose the headset, charge it, attach it to your ear, and check if it has come off. You need to hold it with your hand during a conversation, because otherwise it’s hard to hear (thereby losing its only advantage).

He also wrote it not in Russian: the advantage disappears thereby (how does it disappear?). I associate the crooked use of the phrase “thereby” with our stupid biology teacher at school, who generally shoved him everywhere.

“Therefore” is not just two words that can be put in place of “therefore” or “thus.” “Thereby” means literally: “thus,” that is, it should be possible to ask the question of what? and get a clear answer. In Russian: “It requires holding with your hand during a conversation, thereby depriving a person of the only advantage from its use” (what? by requiring holding with your hand).

However, why discuss this if the ear does not require any holding, and is lost no more often than a cell phone or keys?

Okay, I finished this note - this gives me the opportunity to get back to work.