The words that make up the vocabulary of a language are very different in their origin: there are “ours” and “strangers”, those that came from another language.
house monument (lat.)
go native Russian ply (German) borrowed
white orange
The vocabulary of the modern Russian language can be presented as follows:
The layer of vocabulary called Indo-European is words preserved in the Russian language from the era of the Indo-European community, the Indo-European language (up to approximately 3-2 thousand BC). Let us remember that the Indo-European family of languages, in addition to Slavic, includes Indian, Iranian, Baltic, Germanic, Romance, Celtic languages and a number of dead languages.
Two questions: 1) What kind of vocabulary is this?
2) How is the fact that a number of words belong to
Indo-European?
First of all, these are “kinship terms”: mother, father, son, brother, sister, widow, father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, brother-in-law; names of trees: oak, pine, willow, birch; names associated with nature: mountain, water, moon, swamp; some numerals: two, three, four, etc.
The fact that these and other groups of words belong to the Indo-European vocabulary is established using the comparative historical method.
Russian English German French lat. Bulgarian
sister sister swester soeur
water water wasser
sea meer mare
mother mother mutter mater T-shirt
The discovered common roots indicate genetic identity, because phonetic and morphological differences can be explained. These Indo-European words became part of the Common Slavic, or Proto-Slavic language.
Now in the Russian language there are groups of words that have correspondences in other Slavic languages; they are traced back to the common Slavic era (approximately until the 7th century AD). These are the names of animals (ram, bull, ox, goose, toad, hare, beast, snake, goat, cow, horse, fox, elk, fly, mouse, snake, black grouse); natural phenomena (evening, morning, day, summer, autumn, spring, winter, year, century, storm, wind, whirlwind, rain, frost, sky, star, stone, ice); names of plants (carrots, burdock, walnut, pumpkin, hops, apples, ash, maple, grass); settlements, tools, household items (village, house, window, log, bucket, oar, pitchfork, fiber, threshing floor, wheat grain, grain, needle, flax, bast, soap, flour, knife, thread, raft, millet, belt, saddle); words with abstract meanings (guilt, faith, will, sin, spirit, evil, pity, revenge, thought, truth, power, glory, word, death, fear, labor, honor); adjectives (white, barefoot, important, deep); verbs (to twist, to fight, to cook, to run, to wither, to look, to drive).
Words that have correspondences in the languages of only the Eastern Slavs (i.e. Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians) are called East Slavic, or Old Russian. Among them are the names of qualities: blond, lively, cheap, dark, good; names of actions: boil, while away, wander, excuse; everyday names: hook, twine, rope, stick, basket, samovar; words with a temporary meaning: today, after, now.
Actually, Russian are all words that appear in the language after it first became an independent language of the Russian people (from the 14th century), and then of the Russian nation.
These words do not exist even in Slavic languages closely related to Russian. These include names of actions: coo, influence, explore; household items: fork, cover, wallpaper, jam, flatbread; names of persons by occupation: driver, fireman, pilot, racer (with suffix -chik\-schik-); names of abstract concepts: result, deception, caution.
All the words given above refer to the commonly used vocabulary of the modern Russian language.
N.M. Shansky: “...Words coming from the common Slavic language (many of which currently exist with other meanings) in our vocabulary are only about 2 thousand. All of them are the most common, most frequent and popular, and in everyday communication they amount to at least 1/4 of all words."
Languages are not isolated from each other. One language can borrow different linguistic units from another, for example, sounds and their combinations. Thus, the sound [f] first entered the Russian language along with borrowings from Greek: Fedor, Thomas, Philip, lantern, etc. Morphemes are also borrowed. For example, the derivational suffix -ism, -ist came into the Russian language with borrowed words (specialist, communism), and then took root and began to participate in the creation of Russian words themselves (weightlifter, bodybuilding). So, borrowing is the process of moving various linguistic elements from one language to another.
Borrowing does not indicate poverty of the language. If borrowed words and their elements are assimilated according to norms and transformed according to the needs of the “taking” language, then this indicates that the language is creatively active.
If an entire word passes from one language to another, then we are dealing with lexical borrowings. Borrowed words make up about 20% of words in the Russian language.
Some words came to us a long time ago, and now only linguists can determine their “foreignness”. Such, for example, is the word bread, which many languages, and in particular Russian, borrowed from ancient Germanic. But the non-Russian character of much later borrowings such as jam (English) is felt by all Russian speakers.
Borrowings came from different languages. Usually, borrowed words from Old Church Slavonic and other Slavic languages and borrowings from non-Slavic languages are distinguished. Borrowings from Slavic languages (see help to the practical topic)*.
Borrowings from non-Slavic languages.
Words from the Turkic language penetrated into the Russian language, as a rule, orally. They mean:
objects of nomadic life: wagon, cart, drum, tarantas;
clothing and decorations: armyak, bashlyk, shoe, zipun, sash, cap, diamond, pearls, turquoise, sundress;
items of weapons and equipment: flail, dagger, lasso;
horses and their colors: horse, dun, brown, brown, karak, roan;
animals, plants: bull, badger, wild boar, herd, cockroach, cabbage, watermelon, raisins, reeds;
food and drinks: noodles, kovriga, balyk, shish kebab;
concepts from the sphere of social structure and trade: horde, khan, vizier, guard, mosque, farm laborer, Cossack, chumak, bazaar;
contemptuous names: dunce, fool, blockhead, head, kayuk, jumble;
some other names: label, emery, pencil, plague, comrade.
Phonetic and morphological features of Turkisms: synharmonism (aida, sheepskin coat), former suffixes -mak, -lyk, -cha (shoe, label, cherry plum), initial bash- (head).
The Russian language borrowed words from classical languages - ancient Greek and Latin. Borrowings from the Greek language began in the ancient period (1X-1X centuries), both orally and through the Old Church Slavonic language. New borrowings from the Greek language came to us through Latin and European languages.
Greekisms (about 1% of them in relation to Russian words) relate mainly to religion, the fields of science and art: hell, angel, demon, idol; literacy, alphabet, apostrophe, lexicon, syntax, history; organ, choir, comedy, tragedy, museum, melody; some words of Greek origin are names of household items, proper names of people: coral, metal, sapphire, magnet, lime; buffalo, crocodile, whale; cherry, cucumber, beets; bath, bed; Alexander, Angelina and others.
Basic phonetic and grammatical features of Greek words:
combinations of sounds ps, ks, mv, mp: psychology, syntax, monastery, pulpit;
suffixes: -ad-a, -iad-a, -is, -isk, -os: lamp, Olympics, basis, obelisk, pathos;
prefixes a-, an-, anti-, archi-, pan-, ev-, hyper-, hypo-: alogism, anemia, antipathy, archipelago, panorama, eucalyptus, hyperbole, hypotonia;
roots: auto-(self), anthropo-(human), aristo-(best), arifo-(number), ast(e)r-(star), bio-(life), botan-(plant), gast( e)r-(stomach), geo-(earth), gek(a)t-(hundred), gigi-(healthy), hygro-(wet), hydro-(water), gin(ek)-(woman) , hypn-(sleep), gram-(letter), graph-(write), heli-(sun), deka-(ten), dem-(people), di-(two), didact-(learning), zoo -(animal), kilo-(thousand), cinema-(movement), cosm-(universe), macro-(long), micro-(small), mono-(single), etc.
Latin words, or Latinisms, penetrated the Russian language in different ways and at different times: in the X-XV centuries. - through the Greek language, in the XV-XVI centuries. - through the Polish and Ukrainian languages, and from the 17th centuries. - both directly from Latin and through Western European languages (German, French), since Latin for many centuries was the literary language of almost all of Western Europe. The bulk of Latinisms came to us in the 17th-18th centuries.
The Russian language borrowed mainly scientific and socio-political terms from the Latin language:
medical: amputation, operation, resection, lethal, tonsillitis, vein, patient;
school everyday life: school, classroom, course, vacation, exam, excursion, review, dictation, notes, globe;
general scientific: formula, evolution, erudition, maximum, minimum, process, nature;
socio-political and legal: class, nation, intelligentsia, deputy, delegate, plenum, senate, corporation, alibi, lawyer, audit, colleague, justice, office, notary, censorship, administration.
Some Latinisms denote objects and concepts of everyday life, culture, proper names of people: room, factory, motor, mint, cement, form, ceremony, author, copy, Valery, Vitaly, Victor.
Many Latin words have become international: absolute, author, deduction, dictatorship, induction, communism, socialism, materialism, internationalism, cooperation, constitution, corporation, laboratory, meridian, maximum, minimum, nature.
The main features of Latinisms are:
suffixes: -um, -us, -ent, -tor, -at, -tsi(ya), -ur(a): consultation, status, incident, equator, dean's office, section, fittings;
prefixes: de-, in-, inter-, re-, ultra-, ex-, post-, pro-, retro-, sub-, trans-: depression, inflation, intervention, repression, ultramarine, excursion, postscript, vice-rector , retrograde, subordination, superarbiter, transcription;
roots: avi-(bird), aqu-(water), audi-(hearing), bi-(two), veget-(grow), vice-(instead), wok-(voice), grand-(large), dant-(teeth), dik(t)-(speak), etc.
With the help of Greco-Latin morphemes, new terms are created even today: astrobotany, barograph, biochemistry, biomycin, cosmonautics, tape recorder, microphone, neutron, positron, radiotherapy, television, tetracycline, photosynthesis, cyclotron, egocentrism. Latin suffixes are sometimes added to Russian roots: svintus, old woman, verkhotura.
In addition to ancient borrowings, many words from new Western European languages came into the Russian language: German, English, French, Dutch, Italian, Spanish.
German words began to penetrate into the Russian language from the 111th century. This process intensified in the 16th century. But especially many words from the German language found their way into the Russian language in the 17th-18th centuries. both orally and in writing, as well as through other languages. German loanwords refer to various areas of human activity. This:
military vocabulary: watch, parade ground, assault, camp, fort, carriage, uniform, order, bayonet, ramrod, grenade, soldier, company, corporal;
production vocabulary: workbench, chisel, plane, jointer, jack, washer, crane, tripod, sleeper, shaft, panel, slate, matrix, font, plaster, format, mechanic, template, cost-effective;
trade vocabulary: bill, accountant, freight, stamp, cashier;
art terms: easel, landscape, stroke, leitmotif, scale, highlight, tour, full house, flute, horn, dance, painter, choreographer;
medical terminology: bandage, paramedic, syringe, spa, plaster, cotton wool, sterile;
socio-political vocabulary: dictate, falsify, priority, aggressor, discrimination, disorient, slogan;
chess terminology: time trouble, grandmaster, endgame;
everyday vocabulary - names of kitchen items, tables, homes and toilets, entertainment, hunting, animals and plants: minced meat, corkscrew, kitchen, sandwich, celery, pretzel, pate, dumplings, eggnog, riesling, rutabaga, apron, hat, darn , hairdresser, schenkel.
The most important phonetic and grammatical features of German words:
combinations ay, her, initial pcs, sp: barrier, stamp, spy;
compounding without connecting vowels: sideburns, mouthpiece, dial, choirmaster.
French words began to appear in the Russian language in pre-Petrine and Petrine times, but especially many of them came into the Russian language at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. These were:
everyday words related to home, clothing, toilet, jewelry, kitchen and table items, and social life: terrace, candelabra, overcoat, overalls, cologne, perfume, manicure, salad, ice cream, marmalade, sausages, vinaigrette, popsicle, lemonade , dessert, cream, chic, masquerade, waltz;
terms of art (especially theatrical): stalls, foyer, ramp, poster, stage, screen;
words from social and political life: parliament, prime minister, bureaucrat, regime, debate, politics, communiqué;
words related to military affairs: trench, dugout, arsenal, barricade, patrol;
words related to trade, industry, transport, etc.: advance, balance, credit, store, kiosk, manufactory, assembler, crew, depot, luggage, compartment, metro.
Basic phonetic and grammatical features of French words:
combinations ue, ua, oa in the middle of a word: duel, veil, boa;
combinations am, an before consonants: role, boarding house;
soft sibilants: jury, brochure;
final stressed e, i, o: pince-nez, pari, bureau;
stress on the last syllable if the word has not acquired a Russian ending: partner, secretary;
noun suffixes -er, -azh, -ans: driver, circulation, nuance.
Borrowings from the English language began in the era of Peter the Great, but most English words appeared in the Russian language in the 19th-20th centuries. This:
maritime vocabulary: boat, schooner, brig, yacht, trawler;
sports vocabulary: ring, boxing, football;
technical and transport vocabulary: blooming, conveyor, combine, tractor, tank, radar, detector, bulldozer, container;
socio-political vocabulary: rally, boycott, club, knockout, bill, apartheid, escalation, boom, pioneer, pamphlet, dumping;
everyday vocabulary: hall, square, comfort, flowerbed, elevator, steak.
The most important phonetic and grammatical features of English words:
combinations: gin, jam, jeans;
combinations va, vi: whiskey, watt;
consonant h: check, match;
suffix -ing: tuxedo, training, pressing.
From the Italian language, the Russian language borrowed mainly terms of musical, stage and visual arts:
allegro, opera, caricature, etc. There are others related to different spheres of life.
What makes one people borrow words from another?
The first and main reason is the borrowing of a thing, an object: along with the object comes its name. This is how we came up with the words car, metro, taxi, tractor, combine, robot, scuba, laser, transistor, etc.
Another reason is the need to designate some special type of objects or concepts, to clarify, to delimit semantic differences. For example, with the advent of hotels, the French word PORTER entered the Russian language, because the original Russian word SLUGA would not clearly indicate the scope of activity of this person.
Wed. also convenience - comfort
passion - hobby
jam - jam
Most often, the need to name objects and concepts arises in various branches of science and technology, which is why there are so many foreign scientific and technical terms. They differ from Russian words that are similar in meaning to their strict definiteness, specificity of meaning, and lack of ambiguity. Let's compare, for example, the words TRANSFORMER and CONVERTER: a transformer is a special device for converting electric current, and a converter can be called both such a device and a person; LOCAL and LOCAL: mathematicians say local variable, not local variable, etc. This is how the system of international terminology is drawn up: energy, atom, volt, ampere, coulomb, lux, weber (magnetic flux), induction. The division and differentiation of a general concept into types occurs both in the field of science and in everyday life, so in the Russian language pairs of words that are close, but not identical in meaning, arose: fear - panic, universal - total, story - reportage, report - inform. A foreign word is easier to learn if it replaces a descriptive phrase. So, the word SNIPER replaced the combination marksman; TOUR - a journey along a circular route; SPRINTER - short-distance runner; STAYER - long-distance runner; SPRINT - short distance running.
True, in this process of replacing one’s own phrase with someone else’s word, some restrictions apply. If, for example, descriptive phrases make up a group of names of homogeneous objects, then it is difficult for a borrowed word to break into such a group: it violates the unity of names (they are all non-word). Thus, with the invention of sound cinema, the word tonfilm, borrowed from German, appeared in the Russian language. However, it did not take root in our dictionary: this was hampered by the fact that we had already formed a group of descriptive, two-word names: silent - sound film, cinema, cinematography.
4. FOREIGN LANGUAGE VOCABULARY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF DEGREE OF COMPREHENSION.
Foreign words differ in the degree of their mastery in the language. How is a word acquired in another language? Let us use examples to trace the changes occurring with borrowed words.
Phonetic mastery.
When a word passes into another language, it changes its sound appearance and adapts to the phonetics of that language. For example, words borrowed from French are subject to the law of word endings in force in Russian:
Fr. etage rus. this[w]
. devise devi[s]
polonese polon[s]
Pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed syllable - akanye:
Fr. portrait rus. portrait
Lat. momentum m[a]ment
Sometimes mastery is incomplete. So, the consonants before the letter E in Russian are soft. And in borrowed words they can be pronounced firmly: [te]mp, [te]mbr, ti[re].
Graphic development.
Foreign words, as a rule, receive a Russian graphic appearance quite quickly.
Wed. from Pushkin: Onegin’s fate kept:
At first Madame followed him,
Then Monsieur replaced her.
How a dandy Londoner is dressed...
Now we write madame, monsieur, dandy, as well as beach, business, beefsteak, although at the beginning of our century these words were not written in Russian.
(For insufficient graphic development, see below - about barbarisms).
Morphological development.
An important stage in mastering foreign words is their adaptation to the grammatical system of the language. For example, a noun must receive a gender and enter the declension system. Wed. FLOOR - noun, m.r., 2nd text, unit. h.
But there are a number of nouns that are not declined, i.e. are not fully mastered from a grammatical point of view. For example: coat, coffee, pince-nez, muffler. There are fluctuations in the gender of borrowed words: piano - cf. and f., coffee - m. and Wed.
Word formation development.
A mastered borrowed word becomes active in the word-formation system of the language and is capable of forming derivative words. For example: coat - coat (fabric), coat, coat; hero - heroic, heroism, heroic.
Lexical acquisition.
A lexically mastered word is understandable and usable in speech. His LZ is part of the lexical system of the language: it can develop derivative meanings and enter into various lexical groupings.
For example: German der Maler - "painter"
rus. painter - “a worker who paints premises”, transl. "bad artist"
Synonyms: artist, painter, muff
Borrowed words enrich synonymous series:
simple-minded - naive coziness - comfort
sympathy - sympathy runner - sprinter - stayer
strength - energy
Such synonyms, as a rule, are assigned to different areas of language functioning.
Shmelev: “Foreign words, due to their less polysemy, are more easily subject to terminology, enrich synonymic series, conveying shades of meaning.”
So, let's summarize. Borrowed, according to L.I. Krysina, words that differ in the following characteristics are considered:
Graphic mastery.
Phonetic mastery.
Grammatical mastery.
Word formation activity of the word.
Entry into the lexical system of the language.
Regular use in speech.
We talked above about lexical borrowing. But this is not the only way of foreign influence on the dictionary. A path of borrowing is also possible in which the word is not borrowed, but it serves, as it were, as a model for a new Russian word. Each significant part of a foreign word is replaced by a corresponding Russian morpheme. Wed. rus. contrast
German entgegenstellen
This method is called tracing.
Other tracing papers:
lat. adverbium fr. journal English sky-scraper
rus. Russian adverb Russian diary skyscraper
All these are word-forming tracing papers. There are also semantic, semantic tracings. They arise under the influence of some meaning of a word belonging to another language. For example: fr. le clou - nail has a figurative meaning "the main spectacle, theatrical performance, parade." This meaning also influenced the semantic structure of the word nail: from the end of the 19th century. In the Russian language, the expressions “highlight of the season”, “highlight of the program” appear, in which the borrowed figurative meaning is realized.
Another example: the word picture in Russian had the meaning “a work of painting, a spectacle, part of a play.” Relatively recently, it acquired another meaning - “movie film”. This new meaning is a semantic calque of the English word picture, which in English has the meaning of both a picture and a movie.
There are phraseological tracing papers, i.e. according to the translated phraseological units:
lat. pro et contra fr. la lune de miel
rus. pros and cons of Russian kill time
An interesting question is whether to consider words like postgraduate student, - tura, -skiy, formed from the borrowed postgraduate as Russian or borrowed. Since they are formed with the help of Russian suffixes according to the laws of Russian word formation, it is advisable to consider them as Russian.
Borrowing words is a natural and necessary process of language development. Lexical borrowing enriches the language and usually does not harm its originality at all, because at the same time, the main, “own” vocabulary is preserved, and in addition, the grammatical structure inherent in the language remains unchanged, and the internal laws of language development are not violated. The process of lexical borrowing depends on various factors. For example, from geographical. Thus, Iceland was not connected with mainland peoples for centuries. Therefore, the Icelandic language has few borrowings from other languages. Sometimes political factors are important. Thus, in Czechoslovakia, the long-term struggle against German influence led, in particular, to the fact that in the Czech and Slovak languages there were very few words of German origin: they were deliberately not allowed into speech. However, these examples are the exception rather than the rule. Usually, countries and peoples actively cooperate and contact each other. One of the forms of such contacts is mutual linguistic influence, which is expressed, in particular, in lexical borrowing.
The Russian language, like any other, has its own lexical system, which was formed over not just centuries, but even millennia. The composition of the vocabulary has different origins. It is highlighted that grammatical vocabulary and the origin of words are studied at school, as well as in philological faculties.
Basic Concepts
The Russian language has a rich lexical system, the formation of which began in the Neolithic era and continues today. Some words disappear from the active vocabulary of the language and become archaisms, while others, on the contrary, penetrate into our speech and become an integral part of it.
In terms of origin, vocabulary is divided into borrowed and native Russian. Original Russian vocabulary makes up about 90% of the total lexical composition. The rest is classified as borrowed. In addition, every year our vocabulary is replenished with new words and concepts that arise as a result of scientific and technological progress.
Original Russian vocabulary
The main layer is the original Russian vocabulary. In this group, the following subgroups are distinguished, correlated with the stages of development not only of the language, but also of the people themselves:
- Indo-European vocabulary.
- Common Slavic.
- Old Russian.
- Actually Russian.
The words that emerged during these periods form the basis, the backbone of our vocabulary. This is what should be considered first.
Indo-European period
In terms of origin, native Russian vocabulary dates back to the Neolithic period. The period is characterized by the presence of one, common proto-language - Indo-European, which functioned around the 2nd millennium BC. Words in this group include names of animals, concepts for denoting kinship, and food products. For example: mother, daughter, ox, bull, meat and others. All of them have consonant equivalents in other languages. For example, the word mother has a similar sound in English ( mother), and in German ( mutter).
Pan-Slavic stage
Common Slavic vocabulary arose around the 6th century AD. It was inherited from various tribes living in the Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe.
The vocabulary of this period refers to lexical-semantic groups that are used to designate the names of body parts, animals, natural phenomena, time periods, plants and flowers, names of parts of buildings, tools. The most striking examples of vocabulary preserved from this period: oak, linden, spruce, tree, leaf, millet, barley, bark, hoe, house, canopy, shelter, chicken, goose, kvass, jelly. The layer of this vocabulary is inherent mainly to the Slavic peoples.
Old Russian period
Old Russian (or East Slavic) vocabulary penetrated into our lexicon during the period of settlement of the Slavs throughout the territory of modern Europe, approximately in the 11th-9th centuries. This also includes the period of formation of the state of Kievan Rus, that is, the 9th-14th centuries. Words such as good, gray, uncle, lace, finch, squirrel, forty, ninety, today.
These words are also characterized by the presence of prefixes in-, you-, up-, up-. For example: platoon, knock out, finish off, catch up.
You can find vocabulary formed during this period only in Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.
The period of formation of the Russian people
Since the 14th century, new grammatical vocabulary begins to emerge in the Russian language. These words appear after the collapse of the Old Slavic language into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. Proper Russian words include such as grumbling, wallpaper, cabbage rolls, experience.
This includes all nouns formed with suffixes -shchik, -shchik, -telstvo, -sh(a). For example: fire extinguisher, partisanship, nationality, checkered. This also includes adverbs peasant style, autumn style, Verbs cringe, crash, worry.
Knowing these features, you can easily calculate the words formed at this stage of development.
This period is the last in the formation of the main layer of Russian lexemes proper.
Borrowed vocabulary
Since ancient times, the Russian people have developed not only trade and cultural ties, but also political and military ones. All this led to language borrowing. Once in Russian, a word in the lexical system of the language changed under its influence and became part of its vocabulary. Borrowed words have significantly enriched the Russian language and introduced a lot of new things into it.
Some words were borrowed completely, while others were modified - they received original Russian suffixes or prefixes, which ultimately led to the formation of a new word of Russian origin. For example, the word “computer” entered our lexicon without changes, but the word “atomic specialist” is already considered native Russian, since it was formed from the borrowed word “atom” according to the native Russian word-formation model.
Borrowings are distinguished from Slavic, as well as Turkic, Latin, Greek, Germanic-Romance languages, which include English and German, Italian, Spanish, and Dutch.
Old Slavonicisms
After Russia adopted Christianity at the end of the 10th century, many words came into the Russian language. This was connected with the appearance of Church Slavonic books in Rus'. Old Church Slavonic, or Old Bulgarian, was used by a number of Slavic states as a literary written language, which was used to translate Greek church books.
From it, ecclesiastical denoting abstract concepts came into the Russian language. These include priest, cross, power, disaster, agreement and many others. Initially, these words were used only in written, book speech, but over time they penetrated into oral speech.
From the point of view of origin, the vocabulary of the Church Slavonic language has the following distinctive features:
- The so-called disagreement is at the root of words. For example: gate or captivity. In this case, the options will be full gate and full.
- Combination railway in the roots of words. A striking example is the word walking.
- The presence of a consonant in words sch, for example in the word lighting.
- Vowel e at the beginning of a word and before a hard consonant: unit.
- Syllables la-, ra- at the beginning of the word. Eg: rook, equal.
- Availability of consoles through-, through-. For example: repay, excessive.
- Suffixes -sti-, -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box-: knowledgeable, burning, melting. Parts of the first words of God are good-, evil-, sin-, soul-, good-: God-fearing, evil-will, blessing.
These words are still used in Russian today. At the same time, few people suspect that in fact the named lexemes are not originally Russian and have foreign roots. They can be found especially often in biblical texts and works of classics of Russian literature.
Polish lexemes
Considering the question of what kind of vocabulary there is from the point of view of origin, one cannot help but recall the borrowings from the Polish language, which began in the 17th-18th centuries. From the Western Slavic language words such as belongings, paint, rabbit, periwinkle, jam. It is worth noting that they replenished the stock of not only Russian, but also Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.
Greek loanwords
A significant layer of borrowed vocabulary is Greek. It began to penetrate our language back in the period of pan-Slavic unity. The oldest lexical “gifts” include words such as chamber, bed, boiler.
During the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries the following words were borrowed: anathema, angel, mathematics, lamp, history, philosophy, notebook, bathhouse, lantern. In a later period, words related to words from the fields of art and science were borrowed: comedy, anapest, logic, analogy and many other concepts that are firmly entrenched in the terminology of most modern sciences.
It is worth noting that thanks to the influence of Greece and Byzantium, the vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language have been significantly enriched. However, the influence of these countries was felt not only by such sciences as philology, but also by mathematics, physics, chemistry, and art.
Latin language
In the period from the 16th to the 53th centuries, Latin words entered the Russian language, enriching the lexical fund in the field of scientific, technical, socio-political terminology. They enter mainly through the Ukrainian and Polish languages. This was especially facilitated by the development of education and science, as well as the historical and cultural ties of these countries.
From the Latin language such familiar concepts as vacation, office, director, auditorium, school, process, public, revolution and others.
Turkic language
Our paths have long crossed with the Tatars and Turks. From the Turkic language words such as pearls, beads, caravan, money, bazaar, watermelon, robe, fog, bloomers, names of horse colors: roan, bay, dun.
Mostly the borrowing came from the Tatar language. Associated with trade, cultural or military ties that have existed between our peoples for several centuries.
Scandinavian languages
There are very few borrowings from the Scandinavian languages - Swedish, Norwegian. They penetrated into the early period due to trade ties that existed between our peoples even in the pre-Christian period.
The most striking words that have penetrated the Russian lexical system: names Igor And Oleg, product names - herring, pood, hook, mast, sneak.
Western European languages
The origin of vocabulary and its development are also closely related to a number of European languages. After the reforms of Peter I, in the 17th-18th centuries, the Russian language included lexemes from Western European languages.
From German a number of words came into our language to denote military, commercial and everyday vocabulary, science and art: bill, headquarters, corporal, tie, easel, resort, landscape.
Dutch “shared” nautical terms with Russian: shipyard, harbor, pilot, fleet, sailor. Marine terms also come from English: Midshipman, Brig.
Words such as boycott, tunnel, football, sports, finish, cupcake, pudding.
The 20th century also includes words from the technical and sports, financial, commercial spheres, and art. New words that replenished our lexical system at that time: computer, file, byte, overtime, broker, leasing, talk show, thriller, briefing, impeachment.
In the 18th-19th centuries, words from the French language also penetrated into the Russian language - bracelet, wardrobe, vest, coat, broth, cutlet, toilet, battalion, garrison, actor, play, director.
Musical terms and terms from the field of art came to Russian from Italian and Spanish: aria, tenor, libretto, sonata, carnival, gondola, serenade, guitar.
All of them are still actively functioning in our lexical system, and we can learn about where and how they came from dictionaries.
Neologisms
At the present stage, the lexical system of the Russian language is replenished with new words. They enter the language through the emergence of fresh concepts and phenomena. When an object or thing appears, new words arise to designate it. They do not immediately enter the active vocabulary.
For some time, the word is considered a neologism, then it becomes commonly used and firmly becomes part of the language. Previously, neologism words were pioneer, Komsomol member, cosmonaut, Khrushchevite And so on. Now no one will suspect neologisms in them.
Dictionaries
In order to check which vocabulary, in terms of origin, is used in a particular case, you can turn to etymological dictionaries. They describe in detail the origin of the word and its initial etymology. You can use the school and short ones edited by N. Shansky, “Russian Etymological Dictionary” by A. E. Anikin or “Etymological Dictionary” by P. A. Krylov and others.
You can find out the meaning of foreign words that have come to us from foreign languages by using the wonderful “Dictionary of Foreign Words” edited by Ozhegov.
Studying at school
Vocabulary from the point of view of origin and use is usually studied in the school course of the Russian language in the section “Lexicology and phraseology”. The closest attention to this topic is paid in grades 5-6, as well as in grades 10. Schoolchildren learn the origin of words and phraseological units, their meaning, learn to distinguish between them, and work with various dictionaries.
In some cases, teachers may conduct entire electives and extracurricular activities dedicated to studying the origins of words.
What materials can be used when studying the topic “Vocabulary from the point of view of origin”? A table with classification and examples, texts in different languages containing words borrowed from Russian, dictionaries.
Studying at University
Vocabulary from the point of view of origin is studied in particular detail at the university, at the Faculty of Philology. Several classes are devoted to this topic in the course “Lexicology and Phraseology of the Modern Russian Language.” In practical classes, students analyze various texts, finding native Russian and borrowed words in them, classify them, and work with dictionaries. The stylistic possibilities of borrowed, outdated words are also determined.
At lectures and seminars, the classification of vocabulary by origin, use and functioning in the modern Russian language is discussed in detail. This approach makes it possible to interest students and to most deeply master the proposed knowledge on the topic being studied.
conclusions
Any word in the lexical system of a language has its own history and origin. Some words have long functioned in our language, from the period when a single, Indo-European language functioned, others came to us at different time periods from Slavic or European languages, and others arose during the development of modern information technologies.
Understanding the history of the emergence of certain words will help us not only understand their deep meaning, but also trace the development of the culture of our country in a given period.
§ 10 . VOCABULARY OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF ITS USE
The main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language consists of Common words that are not limited to their sphere of use. They are used in all styles, creating national identity and the originality of the language. This vocabulary is understandable to all Russian speakers: earth, sky, mother, father, brother, daughter, red, white, blue, long, I, you, he, she, talk, walk, write, breathe, look.
TO restricted words, applies dialect vocabulary, slang and argot, special.
Dialectal vocabulary – These are words whose use is geographically limited. It is owned mainly by villagers - representatives of Russian folk dialects: hush - blizzard, tues - a vessel made of birch bark, greenery - rye shoots, side - on the side.
Slang and argot vocabulary- these are words that are used by certain social groups of people due to their social status and the specifics of the environment. Terms jargon, argot, slang sometimes used as complete synonyms, but more often they are distinguished.
Jargon ( French jargon) – this is a type of speech of a group of people united by profession(jargon of pilots, sailors, programmers),common interests, activities (athletes' jargon, philatelists), age(youth slang). It is youth slang that is often called slang(from English slang). The main thing in this linguistic phenomenon is play, a departure from everyday life. Thus, relaxed, laid-back youth slang seeks to escape the boring world of adults. Adults say: Fine! The youth: Cool! Cool! Amazing! Adults: It's too difficult! The youth : Don't burden me! Jargon is also a signal that distinguishes between “insider” and “outsider.”
Argo(from French. argot– closed, indivisible) – conditional words and expressions used by declassed groups. For example: feather - knife, urka - thief, split - betray. Thus, argot is a means of conspiracy, hiding the subject of speech.
Some of the slang and argot vocabulary belongs to not one, but several social groups. Moving from one group to another, such words can change form and meaning: darken in argo - "hide the loot" Then - "cunning during interrogation", in modern youth jargon - "speak unclear", "avoid answering" The jargon vocabulary is replenished by borrowings from other languages and dialects (from English, for example, - shoes “shoes”, bag “bag”; from German – kopf "head"", from dialects - hut "apartment"), by rethinking common words ( wheelbarrow - “car”, ancestors – “parents”), creating words according to word-formation models available in the language from native and foreign language forms ( basketball - "basketball", video recorder - "video recorder").
Jargonisms and argotisms are one of the most mobile parts of vocabulary: jargonisms and argotisms are very quickly replaced by new ones. Nobody remembers the ratings today: Iron! -"Fine", Millet!- "Badly". Tugriks and rupees The 50s of the twentieth century were replaced by the 70s mani, and at 80-90 – money. Slang and argotic vocabulary usually penetrates into the literary language through vernacular and the language of fiction. However, among the linguistic changes of recent decades, researchers note the intensive penetration of slang, stylistically reduced and rude vocabulary into all genres, which is associated with the intensive democratization of public life, and consequently of language, with the abolition of censorship. Words like: chaos, crap, showdown, download rights, hang noodles. Many of these words are no longer perceived as reduced and have become commonly used.
Special vocabulary – these are words whose use is limited to special areas of human activity: science, technology, art, manufacturing, agriculture, medicine. For example: scale, nocturne(music), compass, pilot(marine) hypertension, anesthesia(honey.). Such words are used mainly by people of the same profession, and therefore they are usually called professionalism. Special vocabulary also includes terms - words that are used for a logically precise definition of special concepts: morph, phoneme(lingual), hypotenuse, chord(math.), dialysis ( chemical). Terms are the most regulated part of vocabulary. Since science is largely international, terms are created specifically, and their exact content and place in the system of certain designations are agreed upon. However, terms are also words, so they resist regulation, lose their narrowly special character - they become determinologized and become commonly used: A argument 1. An independent variable, on the change of which the change in another quantity depends (mathematics) 2. argument, proof; Concept 1. Logically formulated general thought about a subject, an idea of something (scientific) 2. Representation, information about something . Sum 1. Total, result of addition (math.) 2. Total amount of something Horizon 1. The visible boundary of the sky and the earth or water surface, as well as the space of the sky above this surface (geographical) 2. The circle of knowledge, ideas.
The lexical system of the modern Russian language did not arise immediately. The process of its formation was very long and complex.
New words are constantly appearing in the Russian language, but there are also many in it whose history goes back to the distant past. These ancient words are part of the modern dictionary as a group of the original vocabulary of the Russian language.
The following genetic groups of words from the original vocabulary of the Russian language (original Russian vocabulary) are distinguished:
Kinship terms ( mother, father, son, daughter);
Animals ( sheep, mouse, wolf, pig);
2) Common Slavic vocabulary ( Common Slavs ) - words whose existence dates back to the era of the common Slavic language (before the 6th century). These include:
Names of parts of the human body ( eye, heart, beard);
Animal names ( rooster, nightingale, horse, doe);
Names of natural phenomena and periods of time ( spring, evening, winter);
Plant names ( tree, branch, oak, linden);
Names of colors ( white, black, light brown);
Names of settlements, buildings, tools, etc. ( house, canopy, floor, roof);
Names of sensory sensations ( warm, sour, stale);
3) East Slavic (Old Russian) vocabulary ( East Slavs, Old Russia ) - words that appeared in the Russian language during the period of settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe (VI-IX centuries), as well as during the formation of the Old Russian language (IX-XIV centuries);
4) Actually Russian vocabulary ( russianism ) - words that appeared in the language of the Great Russian people (XIV-XVII centuries) and the national Russian language (from the mid-17th century to the present).
Along with the original vocabulary in the Russian language, there are groups of words borrowed from other languages at different times.
Borrowing call the transition of elements of one language into another as a result of language contacts, the interaction of languages. Borrowed words are mastered by the borrowing language, adapting to its features. During this adaptation, they are assimilated to such an extent that their foreign origin may not be felt at all and is discovered only by etymologists. For example: gang, hearth, shoe, Cossack(Turk.) . In contrast to completely assimilated (mastered) words, foreign words retain traces of foreign language origin in the form of unique sound, spelling and grammatical features. Often, foreign words denote rarely used, special concepts, as well as concepts characteristic of foreign countries and peoples. For example: kimono- Japanese men's and women's dress in the form of a robe, guava- a fruit plant from tropical America.
Borrowed vocabulary
Slavic borrowings are usually divided into Old Church Slavonicisms and Slavicisms.
Old Slavonic borrowings ( Old Slavs ) became widespread in Rus' after the adoption of Christianity, at the end of the 10th century. They came from the closely related Old Church Slavonic language, which was used for a long time in a number of Slavic states as a literary written language used to translate Greek liturgical books. Its South Slavic basis organically included elements from Western and East Slavic languages, and the Greek language. From the very beginning, this language was used primarily as the language of the church (therefore it is sometimes called Church Slavonic or Old Church Bulgarian). From the Old Church Slavonic language, for example, church terms came to Russian ( priest, cross, rod, sacrifice etc.), many words denoting abstract concepts ( power, grace, harmony, disaster, virtue and etc.).
In Russian there is Slavs - words borrowed at different times from Slavic languages: Belarusian ( Belarusianism ), Ukrainian ( ukraine'zma ), Polish ( polonizmy ) etc. For example: borsch(Ukrainian), dumplings(Ukrainian), vareniki(Ukrainian), sweater(Polish), place(Polish), monogram(Polish), bekesha(Hung.), farm(Hung.).
Since ancient times, through language contacts on everyday, economic, political, and cultural grounds, the Russian language also included borrowed elements from unrelated languages.
There are several classifications of foreign language borrowings.
Depending on the degree of mastery of foreign words, their structure and peculiarities of functioning, borrowed words, exoticisms and barbarisms are distinguished.
Borrowed words - words that are completely (graphically, phonetically (orthoepicically), semantically, word-formatively, morphologically, syntactically) assimilated in the successor language.
Depending on the structure, three groups of borrowed words are distinguished:
1) words that structurally coincide with foreign language samples. For example: junior(fr. junior), anaconda(Spanish) anaconda), darts(English) darts);
2) words morphologically formed by affixes of the successor language. For example: wedge-to-a(fr. tankette), kibit-k-a(tat. kibit);
3) words in which part of a foreign language word is replaced by a Russian element. For example: shorts (short-s; Russian plural ending -s replaces the English plural indicator - s).
Exoticism - words that are national names of household items, rituals, customs of a particular people or country. These words are unique and have no synonyms in the successor language. For example: cab- one-horse carriage in England; geisha- in Japan: a woman trained in music, dancing, the ability to conduct small talk and invited to the role of a hospitable hostess at receptions, banquets, etc.; dekhkanin- on Wednesday. Asia and Iran: peasant.
Barbarianism (foreign language inclusions) - words, phrases and sentences that are in a foreign language environment, not mastered or poorly mastered by the successor language and transmitted in the successor language by means of the source language. For example: N.B. (nota bene) - "pay attention", happy ending- "a happy ending".
A special group consists of internationalism - words presented in different, and not the closest related languages ( association, bureaucracy and so on.)
According to the source language, foreign language borrowings are divided into various groups:
Borrowings from Scandinavian languages make up a small part in the Russian language. These include mainly maritime terms and trade vocabulary. For example: scrub(Dutch draaien), wake(Dutch kielwater), receipt(Dutch kvitantie);
Borrowings from Greek ( Greece ) began to penetrate into the original vocabulary during the period of pan-Slavic unity. There were significant borrowings from the fields of religion, science, and everyday life in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later. Later borrowings relate mainly to the fields of art and science. For example: apathy(Greek apatheia), apocrypha(Greek apokryphos), helium(Greek hēlios), dolphin(Greek delphis (delphinos)), cypress(Greek kyparissos);
Borrowings from Turkic languages ( Turks ) penetrated into the Russian language as a result of the development of trade and cultural ties, as a result of military clashes. The main part of Turkisms are words that came from the Tatar language (this is explained by historical conditions - the Tatar-Mongol yoke). For example: strongman(Arab. hammal), goitered gazelle(Kazakh. ž ijran), horseman(Turk. jigit), donkey(Turk. äšä k), caravan(tat.), mound(tat.), box(tat.);
Borrowings from Latin ( Latinism ) mainly replenished the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. For example: vote(lat. vōtum), hegemon(Greek hēgemōn), quint(lat. quinta);
Borrowings from English ( Anglicism ) date back to the 19th-20th centuries. A significant part of words related to the development of social life, technology, sports, etc., entered the Russian language in the 20th century. For example: volleyball(English) volleyball), dandy(English) dandy), boat(English) cutter);
Borrowings from French ( gallicisms ) XVIII-XIX centuries. - this is everyday vocabulary. For example: accessory(fr. accessoir), gallop(fr. galop), decorator(fr. de´ corateur);
Borrowings from Germanic languages ( germanism ) are represented by a number of words from trade, military, everyday vocabulary and words from the field of art and science. For example: equipment(German) Apparatur), guardhouse(German) Hauptwache), generals(German) Generalität);
Borrowings from the Italian language are represented mainly by musical terms. For example: allegro(it. allegro), adagio(it. adagio), soprano(it. soprano), coach(it. carreta);
Borrowings from other languages. For example: karma(Sanskrit karma), chum salmon(nanaysk. keta), kefir(osset. k'æru), kimono(Japanese) kimono), Mayan(American Indian language), lane(Finnish) mainas), fiesta(Spanish) fiesta), castanets(Spanish) castanetas).
Loan words also include calques.
Tracing - the process of creating words from native material using foreign language models.
Word-forming traces - words that arose as a result of translating foreign words into morphological parts while preserving the word-formation structure of the borrowed word. In this case, only the word-formation structure of the word is borrowed. For example: French solid-ite´ in Russian is morphemically replaced by the word density; self-service(English) - self-service; sky-scraper(English) - skyscraper, selbst-kosten(German) - cost price and so on.
Semantic tracings - words that acquire additional meaning under the influence of the corresponding foreign language language sample. For example: under the influence of the figurative meaning of the French word clou (nail) - “the main attraction of a theatrical performance, program” - expressions appear in Russian highlight of the season, highlight of the concert; influenced by the figurative meaning of the German word Plathform (platform) - “program, a set of principles of a political party” the expression appears in Russian economic platform and the like.
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Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-1.jpg" alt=">Russian vocabulary from the point of view of its origin and use">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-2.jpg" alt=">Formation of Russian vocabulary The vocabulary of the Russian language has evolved over many years"> Формирование русской лексики Словарный состав русского языка складывался в течение многих веков. Существует два основных пути формирования лексики: 1) прямой путь, при котором из имеющихся в языке элементов возникают исконно русские слова (каменщик) 2) путь заимствования, при котором новые слова приходят со стороны, из других языков (кино)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-3.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin Originally"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её происхождения Исконно русская Заимствованная!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-4.jpg" alt=">Original Russian vocabulary (words that were formed directly in the Russian language) Common Slavic words"> Исконно русская лексика (слова, которые образовались непосредственно в русском языке) Общеславянские слова Восточнославянские (сущ. до V-VI вв.) (древнерусские) слова 1. Названия лиц по родству (возникли в XI – XIV вв.) (мать) Входят слова, общие для 2. Названия занятий, людей русского, украинского и по роду деятельности белорусского языков (пастух) (дядя, кошка, цветок) 3. Названия жилища, одежды, домашней Собственно русские слова утвари (дом, свеча) (появились с XIV в. после 4. Названия пищи, деления восточных славян продуктов (молоко, каша) на русских, украинцев, белорусов) ребёнок, 5. Названия предметов с/х, ласточка, сказка… растений, животных (берёза) 6. Названия предметов и явлений природы (гора)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-5.jpg" alt=">Borrowed vocabulary (words that came into the Russian language from other languages) Old Slavonicisms"> Заимствованная лексика (слова, пришедшие в русский язык из других языков) Старославянизмы Слова из других (слова, пришедшие из языков: старославянского- * из греческого древнейшего языка * из латинского славян) – * из тюркского распространился в конце * из скандинавских X века после принятия христианства на Руси (шведского, норвежского) * из западноевропейских (голландского, немецкого, французского, английского, итальянского, испанского…)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-6.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary from the point of view of origin">!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-7.jpg" alt=">Differences between Old Church Slavonic words and native Russian ones Old Slavonicisms Primordial Russian Grad"> Отличия старославянских слов от исконно русских Старославянизмы Исконно русские Град Город Здравствуй Здоровый Злато Золото Брег Берег Ладья Лодка Растение Рост Вождь Вожак Хождение Хожу Освещение Свеча Единый Один Есень Осень!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-8.jpg" alt=">Features of Old Slavonicisms Phonetic: Derivational:"> Признаки старославянизмов Фонетические: Словообразовательные: Приставки воз-, из-, низ- -ра- /оро град (город) пре-, пред-, чрез- (изнемогать, воздать) -ла-/оло власть (волость) -ре-/ере бремя (беремя) Суффиксы -ени-, -енств-, -еств, -знь, -изн-, -ни(е), - Начальное ра-/ло-/ ла-/ло- тель, -ч(ий), -ын(я) (лодка) (единение, жизнь, -жд/-ж чуждый (чужой) кормчий) -щ/-ч освещение (свеча) -айш-, -ейш-, -ащ-, -ющ, - Начальные а-, е-, ю – в ущ-, им-, -ом-, -енн- начале слова (добрейший, ведомый) агнец(ягненок), един(один) юродивый (уродливый) Части сложных слов: зло- благо-, бого-, велико-, грехо-(богобоязненный)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-9.jpg" alt=">Borrowed words Old Slavonicisms Abstract concepts (goodness, generosity, time, mercy , compassion) Scientific concepts"> Заимствованные слова Старославянизмы Отвлечённые понятия (благо, великодушие, время, милосердие, сострадание) Научные понятия (вселенная, искусство, истина, сознание, правило) Церковно-религиозные понятия (Воскресение, храм, порок, жертва)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-10.jpg" alt=">Languages of borrowings 1 option. Greco-Latin borrowings 2 option. Turkic and Scandinavian borrowings 3"> Языки заимствований 1 вариант. Греко-латинских заимствования 2 вариант. Тюркские и скандинавские заимствования 3 вариант. Голландские, немецкие и французские заимствования 4 вариант. Английские, итальянские и испанские заимствования!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-11.jpg" alt=">Greek borrowings From the 9th to the 11th centuries from the field of religion (angel,"> Греческие заимствования В период с IX по XI в. из области религии (ангел, икона), научные термины (философия), бытовые наименования (баня, фонарь), наименования растений и животных (кедр, крокодил), из области искусства и науки (хорей, комедия, физика)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-12.jpg" alt=">Signs of Greekisms 1. Sound f (philosophy) 2. Initial e (ethics) 3. Combinations ps,"> Признаки грецизмов 1. Звук ф (философия) 2. Начальное э (этика) 3. Сочетания пс, кс (психика, икс) 4. Корни авто-, -логос, фото-, аэро-, антропо-, фило- и др. (философия) 5. Приставки а-, анти-, пан- и др. (антитеза)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-13.jpg" alt="> Latin borrowings Latin - the language of Ancient Rome (5th - 6th centuries"> Латинские заимствования Латынь – язык Древнего Рима (5 – 6 века до н. э.) Пришли в период с XVI по XVIII в. Приметы латинских слов– конечные - ум, -ус, -ция, -тор, -ура, -ент: пленум, корпус, конституция, автор, новатор, документ, конус, цензура, диктатура.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-14.jpg" alt=">Turkic borrowings Most of the words of Turkic-Tatar origin were borrowed during Tatar"> Тюркские заимствования Большая часть слов тюркско- татарского происхождения заимствована во время татарского нашествия (13 – 14 века). Тюрксизмы вошли в наш язык устным путем. Это названия одежды: тулуп, сарафан, чулок, башлык; слова, связанные с хозяйством, бытом: амбар, сарай, очаг, чугун, карандаш. названия кушаний: изюм, балык, шашлык, арбуз, баклажан, лапша; «торговые слова»: деньги, безмен, аршин, товар.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-15.jpg" alt=">Signs of Turkisms Vowel harmony (synharmonism) - natural use in one word only one vowel"> Признаки тюркизмов Гармония гласных (сингармонизм) - закономерное употребление в одном слове гласных только одного ряда: заднего [а], [у] или переднего [э], [и]: атаман, караван, сундук, каблук, мечеть, бисер.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-16.jpg" alt=">Borrowings from Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian languages) Words ü trade vocabulary, ü"> Заимствования из скандинавских языков (шведские, норвежские языки) Слова ü торговой лексики, ü морские, бытовые (сельдь, пуд, якорь), ü собственные имена (Игорь, Олег, Рюрик)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-17.jpg" alt=">From the Dutch language During the time of Peter I, mainly words related With"> Из голландского языка Во времена Петра I пришли в основном слова, связанные с морским делом: гавань, боцман, лоцман, компас, крейсер, буксир, матрос. Другие слова: брюки, зонт, ситец, кабель, трос, квитанция.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-18.jpg" alt=">From the German language In the 17th – 18th centuries in connection with reforms Peter I German"> Из немецкого языка В XVII –XVIII вв. в связи с реформами Петра I Немецкие слова пополнили русскую военную лексику: штык, фронт, солдат, шомпол, штурм. Немало слов пришло из языка немецких ремесленников: слесарь, рубанок, стамеска, верстак, планка, клейстер.!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-19.jpg" alt="> Signs of Germanisms 1. Combinations th, pcs, xt, sp, ft: mail, fine,"> Признаки германизмов 1. Сочетания чт, шт, хт, шп, фт: почта, штраф, вахта, шпроты, ландшафт; 2. Начальное ц: цех, цинк 3. Сложные слова без соединительной гласной: бутерброд, лейтмотив 4. Конечное – мейстер: концетрмейстер!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-20.jpg" alt=">From the French language In the XVIII - XIX centuries. Everyday words and from"> Из французского языка В XVIII – XIX вв. Бытовые слова и из области искусства (браслет, пальто, туалет, пьеса, афиша)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-21.jpg" alt=">Signs of French borrowings: 1. Emphasis on the last syllable: marmalade, pavilion 2. End -o,"> Признаки французских заимствований: 1. Ударение на последнем слоге: мармелад, павильон 2. Конечные -о, -и, -е в неизменяемых словах: пюре, манто 3. Сочетание уа: вуаль, эксплуатация 4. Сочетания бю, рю, вю, ню, фю: трюмо, пюпитр, гравюра 5. Сочетания он, ан, ен, ам: медальон, контроль, антракт конечные -ер, -аж, -анс, -ант: пейзаж, режиссер, ренессанс, дебютант!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-22.jpg" alt=">From the English language Under Peter I, our maritime vocabulary was also replenished: emergency ,"> Из английского языка При Петре I также пополнили нашу морскую лексику: аврал, яхта, мичман, трал, танкер, катер. В XIX – XX вв. из общественной жизни, технические и спортивные: митинг, клуб, вокзал, плед, кекс, футбол, волейбол, нокаут, рекорд, тайм, раунд, теннис, хоккей, финиш!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-23.jpg" alt=">Signs of Anglicisms: 1. Combinations tch, j: match, jazz 2. Combinations wa,"> Признаки англицизмов: 1. Сочетания тч, дж: матч, джаз 2. Сочетания ва, ви, ве: ватман, виски, вельвет 3. Конечные -инг, -мен, -ер: брифинг, бизнесмен, таймер!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-24.jpg" alt=">From Italian and Spanish 1. From Italian mainly musical terminology( aria, tenor,"> Из итальянского и испанского 1. Из итальянского в основном музыкальная терминология(ария, тенор, карнавал), бытовые слова (макароны, вермишель) 2. Из испанского заимствований небольшое количество, связанная с искусством и продуктами питания (гитара, серенада, мантилья, карамель, томат)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-25.jpg" alt=">Determine the borrowing language 1. Bazaar, fog, beads, caravan , chest, shoe; 2. Bet, chassis, blinds,"> Определите, язык заимствования 1. Базар, туман, бисер, караван, сундук, башмак; 2. Пари, шасси, жалюзи, павильон, манто, резервуар, тротуар, силуэт, авеню, пилотаж, макияж 3. Митинг, прессинг, пудинг, бриджи, бюджет, киллер, брокер 4. Факт, форма, автограф, антибиотик, панорама!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-26.jpg" alt=">1. vowel synharmony is a phonetic feature of the Turkic languages. 2. final stressed -e, -e, -o"> 1. сингармонизм гласных – фонетическая примета тюркских языков. 2. конечное ударное -е, -э, -о при неизменяемости слов, сочетания –уэ, - уа, конечное –аж во французском 3. конечное –инг, -ер, сочетание –дж- - приметы английского языка 4. из греческого!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-27.jpg" alt="> Common vocabulary is words whose use is not limited to any territory"> Общеупотребительная лексика – это слова, использование которых не ограничено ни территорией распространения, ни родом деятельности людей, ни их социальной принадлежностью. Она составляет основу словарного состава русского языка. Слова понятны и доступны каждому носителю языка и могут быть использованы в самых разных условиях, без какого бы то ни было ограничения (вода, земля, хлеб, сад)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-28.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of a limited scope of use is widespread within a certain area or"> Лексика ограниченной сферы употребления распространена в пределах определённой местности или в кругу людей, объединяемых профессией, социальными признаками, общими интересами, времяпрепровождением и т. д. (пимы, орфография, зачётка)!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-29.jpg" alt="> Obsolete words Historicisms Archaisms (out of use,"> Устаревшие слова Историзмы Архаизмы (вышли из употребления, т. к. (названия вытеснены исчезли предметы и синонимами) явления ими обозначаемые) Примеры: сей –этот, Примеры: армяк, уста- губы, выя -шея крепостной, пасадник!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-30.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its use"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её употребления Общеупотребительная Лексика ограниченного употребления!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-31.jpg" alt="> Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its"> Лексика русского языка с точки зрения её употребления Общеупотребительная Лексика ограниченного употребления Диалектизмы Профессиона Жаргонизмы лизмы Термины!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-32.jpg" alt="> Dialectisms (from the Greek diaλextos - dialect, adverb) are words characteristic"> Диалектизмы (от греч. diaλextos – говор, наречие) – это слова, свойственные местным говорам и стоящие за пределами нормированного литературного языка!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-33.jpg" alt="> Professionalisms - words and expressions that are not strictly legal, scientific definitions"> Профессионализмы - слова и выражения, которые не являются строго узаконенными, научными определениями тех или иных профессиональных понятий, но широко используются специалистами в той или иной области!}
Src="https://present5.com/presentation/3/178288106_453477385.pdf-img/178288106_453477385.pdf-34.jpg" alt="> slang vocabulary (jargonisms) are artificial, sometimes conventional words, used"> жаргонная лексика (жаргонизмы) - это искусственные, иногда условные слова, используемые членами какой-то социальной или иной группы, объединённой общими интересами!}