The participle in Russian simultaneously performs the functions of such parts of speech as an adjective and a verb. That is, it indicates both a sign and an action. In the doctrine of the Russian language, separate active and passive elements are distinguished. The first ones are designed to display the sign of an object that independently carries out an action (reading, dressing). But in this article we will focus on the second type. What is the answer below.

What is a passive participle?

To begin with, let’s establish the main feature of this type of special The science of the Russian language provides an answer to the question of what a passive participle is. It is intended to denote a sign of an object that does not act independently, but is influenced by another object. When talking about what a passive participle is, we should mention its features. As you know, it has the properties of both an adjective and a verb. From the first participle it took the ability to inflect and agree with nouns in number, gender and case. The verb has endowed its special form with aspect, tense, and the criterion of transitivity and reflexivity.

How are passive participles formed?

Words in the Russian language are divided into non-derivatives and those formed from other parts of speech (derivatives). The second also includes participles. The features of their formation depend on the criterion of time. It is worth clarifying that participles can be used in the present or Let us consider each case in detail. Thus, the passive participle of the present tense is formed from the base of some. In this case, the word taken as the base must also be of an imperfect form. Helpers in the formation of such passive participles are special suffixes: -em- and -om-. They are used if the verb used has the first conjugation, and the suffix -im- if the second. Examples include words such as solved and audible. As for the past tense of passive participles, it is formed from the base of the infinitive of the verb, which is transitive. In this case, suffixes such as -enn-, -nn-, -t- are used. Examples include words such as sown, seen, washed. It should be noted that from some verbs it is impossible to form passive participles in the past tense (for example, from the words “drive”, “live”, “take”, “know”).

Syntax questions

A passive participle is a form of a word that incorporates the characteristics of two parts of speech, as already mentioned above. I wonder what role they play in sentences then? Are they definitions or predicates? One can answer that passive participles can be either one or another part of a sentence. Let us take the following statement as the basis for our analysis: “Being carried away, we did not notice how he found himself lost in thought.” First Communion is a definition. The second acts as part of a compound predicate.

A short introduction

A participle is a special verb form that defines the attribute of an object by action. Opinions differ on how it is formed. Some linguists consider the participle in Russian to be an independent part of speech. It has the attribute of both a verb and an adjective, and answers the questions: “What is the one doing?”, “What?”, “What did the one do?”, “Which one?” For example, “decided”, “sitting”, “speaking”. The participle is used in many foreign languages, for example Sirenik (Greenland, Alaska, Chukotka), Hungarian. In English, together with the gerund, it forms Participle, and in German, Partizip.

What is a sacrament, what features does it have?

One of them is morphological verbal features. These are type, collateral and time. It is also associated with adjectives (adjectivation). It is distinguished by gender, number and case. Past participles are formed only from perfective verbs, present and past - from imperfect ones. Another feature is that the passive form is created from transitive verbs.

What is a participle from the point of view of syntactic features?

Most often in a sentence it is precisely a definition or part of a compound predicate. The short participle plays the same role. Full participles agree with the noun in number, gender and case.

What is a participle in its initial form?

It, like the adjective in the initial form, is in the nominative case, masculine, singular. For example, “revealed”, “speaking”, “reading”, “thinking”.

Types and forms of participles

There are only two types of communion: active and passive. The first denotes a feature created by the object itself. For example, a “writing girl” is a girl who writes herself, a “pissing girl” is a girl who wrote herself. The passive participle reflects the attribute of one object created by another. For example, “a poem written by a girl” is a poem written by a girl; “a piece of paper lost by someone” is a piece of paper that someone has lost. It also has a short and full form: “dressed up boy” - the boy is dressed up, “forgotten verse” - the verse is forgotten.

There are two tenses in which a participle can appear. This is the present and the past. In both cases, word formation occurs by adding suffixes. In the present tense, real ones are formed with the help of “-ushch”, “-yushch” (reading) in the first conjugation, “-ashch”, “-yashch” (building) in the second. Passive “-om”, “-em” (readable) and “-im” (constructed), respectively. Anna Akhmatova used the sacrament in her poems: (“The cry of a stork flying onto the roof”) and Nikolai Stepanovich Gumilyov. If the adjective acts as a constant in relation to the subject, then the participle does the opposite. Let's look at an example. In the phrase “walking boy” we see an adjective, “walking boy” is a participle.

A little conclusion

The Russian language is quite complex, and, as they say, there are more exceptions than rules. But after reading this article, you will understand what the sacrament is. Write and speak competently! After all, correct speech is the adornment of a person.

Sacrament Participles established by the Lord Himself last supper- the last meal with the disciples on Easter night before His capture and crucifixion.

“And while they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat: this is My body. And, taking the cup and giving thanks, he gave it to them and said: drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins" (Matthew 26:26-28), "... do this in remembrance of Me" (Luke 22:19). In the Sacrament of the Flesh and Blood of the Lord ( Eucharist - Greek. “thanksgiving”) there is a restoration of that unity between the nature of the Creator and the creation that existed before the Fall; this is our return to paradise lost. We can say that in Communion we receive, as it were, the embryos of future life in the Kingdom of Heaven. The mystical mystery of the Eucharist is rooted in the Savior's Sacrifice on the Cross. Having crucified His Flesh on the cross and shed His Blood, the God-man Jesus offered the Sacrifice of Love for us to the Creator and restored fallen human nature. Thus, the communion of the Body and Blood of the Savior becomes our participation in this restoration. « Christ is risen from the dead, death by death trampled down, and gave life to those in the tombs; and giving us eternal life...”

Eating the Flesh and Blood of Christ in the Sacrament of the Eucharist is not a symbolic action (as Protestants believe), but quite real. Not everyone can accommodate this secret.

« Jesus said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.”

He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the last day.

For My Flesh is truly food, and My Blood is truly drink.

He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him.

Just as the living Father sent Me, and I live through the Father, so he who eats Me will also live through Me.

This is the bread that came down from heaven. Not as your fathers ate manna and died: whoever eats this bread will live forever.

…………………………………………

Many of His disciples, hearing this, said: What strange words! who can listen to this?

…………………………………………

From that time on, many of His disciples departed from Him and no longer walked with Him” (John 6:53–58, 60, 66).

Rationalists try to “bypass” the mystery, reducing mysticism to a symbol. The proud perceive what is inaccessible to their reason as an insult: Leo Tolstoy blasphemously called the sacrament “cannibalism.” For others it is a wild superstition, for others it is an anachronism. But the children of the Church of Christ know that in the Sacrament of the Eucharist, under the guise of bread and wine, they truly partake of the Body and Blood of Christ in Their essence. Indeed, it is not human nature to eat raw flesh and blood, and therefore at Communion the Gifts of Christ are hidden under the image of bread and wine. Nevertheless, hidden under the outer shell of perishable matter is the incorruptible substance of the Divine nature. Sometimes, by special permission, the Lord lifts this veil of mystery and allows those in doubt to see the true nature of the Holy Gifts. In particular, in my personal practice there were two cases when the Lord wanted to allow those who were communing to see His Body and Blood in their authentic form. Both times were first communions; in one case, a person was sent to the Church by psychics for their own reasons. In another, the reason for coming to the temple was very superficial curiosity. After such a wonderful event, both became faithful children of the Orthodox Church.

How can we at least approximately understand the meaning of what is happening in the Sacrament of Communion? The nature of creation was created by the Creator akin to Himself: not only permeable, but also, as it were, inseparable from the Creator. This is natural given the holiness of created nature - its original state of free unity and submission to the Creator. The angelic worlds are in this state. However nature our the world is distorted and perverted by the fall of its guardian and leader - man. Nevertheless, she did not lose the opportunity to reunite with the nature of the Creator: the clearest evidence of this is the incarnation of the Savior. But man fell away from God voluntarily, and he can also reunite with Him only through free will (even the incarnation of Christ required the consent of a person - the Virgin Mary!). In the same time deification inanimate, without free will, nature, God can do it naturally, without permission . Thus, in the divinely established Sacrament of Communion, the grace of the Holy Spirit at the established moment of the service (and also at the request of a person!) descends on the substance of bread and wine and offers them into a substance of a different, higher nature: the Body and Blood of Christ. And now a person can accept these highest Gifts of Life only by showing his free will! The Lord gives Himself to everyone, but those who believe Him and love Him—the children of His Church—accept Him.

So, Communion is the grace-filled communion of the soul with the highest nature and in it with eternal life. Reducing this greatest mystery to the realm of an everyday image, we can compare Communion with the “nutrition” of the soul, which it should receive after its “birth” in the Sacrament of Baptism. And just as a person is born into the world by flesh once, and then feeds for the rest of his life, so Baptism is a one-time event, and we must resort to Communion regularly, preferably at least once a month, possibly more often. Communion once a year is the minimum acceptable, but such a “hungry” regime can bring the soul to the brink of survival.

How is Communion celebrated in the Church?

It is necessary to properly prepare for participation in the Eucharist. A meeting with God is an event that shakes the soul and transforms the body. Worthy communion requires a conscious and reverent attitude towards this event. There must be sincere faith in Christ and an understanding of the meaning of the Sacrament. We must have reverence for the Savior’s Sacrifice and an awareness of our unworthiness to accept this great Gift (we accept It not as a well-deserved reward, but as a manifestation of the mercy of a loving Father). There must be reconciliation of the soul: you need to sincerely forgive in your heart everyone who has “saddened us” in one way or another (remembering the words of the Lord’s Prayer: “And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors”) and try, if possible, to reconcile with them ; This applies even more to those who, for one reason or another, consider themselves offended by us. Before Communion, one should read the prayers defined by the Church and compiled by the holy fathers, which are called: “Following to Holy Communion”; These prayer texts are present, as a rule, in all editions of Orthodox prayer books (collections of prayers). It is advisable to discuss the exact amount of reading of these texts with the priest to whom you turn for advice and who knows the specifics of your life. After the Sacrament of Communion is performed, it is necessary to read “Prayers of Thanksgiving for Holy Communion.” Finally, preparing to accept into yourself - into your flesh and into your soul - the Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, terrible in their greatness, you must cleanse yourself with body and soul. Fasting and Confession serve this purpose.

Corporal fasting involves abstaining from eating savory food. The duration of fasting before Communion is usually up to three days. Directly on the eve of Communion, one must abstain from marital relations and from midnight one must not eat any food (in fact, one must not eat or drink anything in the morning before the service). However, in specific cases, significant deviations from these norms are possible; They should, again, be discussed individually.

Communion in Church

The Sacrament of Communion itself takes place in the Church at a service called liturgy . As a rule, the liturgy is celebrated in the first half of the day; The exact start time of services and the days they take place should be found out directly in the temple you are going to go to. Services usually begin between seven and ten o'clock in the morning; The duration of the liturgy, depending on the nature of the service and partly on the number of communicants, is from one and a half to four to five hours. In cathedrals and monasteries, liturgies are served daily; in parish churches on Sundays and church holidays. It is advisable for those preparing for Communion to attend the service from the beginning (for this is a single spiritual action), and also to attend the evening service the day before, which is prayerful preparation for the Liturgy and the Eucharist.

During the liturgy, you need to stay in the church without going out, prayerfully participating in the service until the priest comes out of the altar with a cup and proclaims: “Approach with the fear of God and faith.” Then the communicants line up one after another in front of the pulpit (first children and the infirm, then men and then women). Hands should be folded crosswise on the chest; You are not supposed to be baptized in front of the cup. When your turn comes, you need to stand in front of the priest, say your name and open your mouth so that you can put in a spoon with a particle of the Body and Blood of Christ. The liar must be thoroughly licked with his lips, and after wiping his lips with the cloth, reverently kiss the edge of the bowl. Then, without venerating the icons or talking, you need to move away from the pulpit and take a drink - St. water with wine and a particle of prosphora (in this way, it is as if the oral cavity is washed, so that the smallest particles of the Gifts are not accidentally expelled from oneself, for example, when sneezing). After communion, you need to read (or listen in Church) prayers of thanksgiving and in the future carefully guard your soul from sins and passions.

In Russian it is a form of a verb, but also has the characteristics of an adjective. Therefore, not all linguists distinguish the participle as a separate part of speech.

But in schools, a participle is a special one that has many of the characteristics of an adjective. In addition to the fact that the participle answers questions about adjectives, it also

denotes a sign of an object, but this sign is associated with an action and is also called a verbal sign or a sign of action. For example, falling snow is snow that falls.

Students become familiar with what a sacrament is in the 6th grade. Before this, it is not distinguished from an adjective. Like adjectives, participles can be of any kind and can also be in the plural. The participle has an initial form. It has gender and number. For example, the word "flying" can have the form "flying", "flying" and "flying". Participles are also declined according to cases and can be in a short form, for example, “opened”, “painted”. It is always a definition in a sentence, just like an adjective.

What is a participle from the point of view of verb features? There are present and past participles, but there are no future participles. For example, “sitting now” and “sitting before.” Another verbal feature is aspect, and in phrases constructed according to the control type, participles require a noun in the accusative case. There are reflexive participles, for example, “stumbling.”

It is very important to correctly determine the conjugation of the verb from which the participle was formed, otherwise you may make a mistake in writing the suffix. It is also important to be able to determine the basis of transitivity and know what reflexive verbs are. Therefore, before studying what a participle is, you need to study the topic “Verb” in detail.

All participles are divided into two large groups. They are active and passive. They can be distinguished not only by meaning, but also by suffixes. indicate that the object itself does something. The suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash- are added to the stem of the present tense verb, and for the past tense verb -vsh- and -sh-. For example, sleeping, chewing, flying.

If the action is performed not by the object itself, but by someone else, then the sign of this action is indicated by passive participles. The suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t- are involved in their formation. For example, licked, closed, turned on. Passive participles are not formed from all verbs. For example, the verb “take” does not have a passive participle form; intransitive verbs also do not form such participles. But only passive participles form a short form.

Students experience great difficulties not from completing the topic “What is a participle” itself, but from the inability to correctly write participle suffixes. Students make especially many mistakes when writing the double letter "n".

What the sacrament is, you need to remember and know even after school. To use words correctly in written and oral speech, you need to be able to form them.

A participle is a special part of speech, which is a verbal form and denotes a characteristic by action. It should be noted that, being a verbal form, pr-ie has some morphological characteristics of a verb: the aspect and tense of each verbal form, transitivity and reflexivity can be distinguished in some verbal forms.

Part of speech features

The participle answers the question:

• Which?
• What is he doing?
• What did he do?
• What did he do?

Here are some examples: melting snow (what did he do?), melted snow (what did he do), melted snow (what did he do?), a sown field (what?). It should be noted that the question “which?” can be asked for all of the above.

Since this part of speech answers the question “which?” And denotes a sign by action, it has several morphological features of an adjective: number, gender, case.

This part of speech has its own special morphemic features - suffixes:

• ushch (yushch) - ashch (box)
• wsh (w)
• eat-im (ohm)
• enn (yonn)

These suffixes can be used to distinguish it from other parts of speech.

In a sentence it plays the role of an agreed definition or predicate.

For example:

• There's a melting snowflake in my palm. In this sentence, "melting" is an agreed adjective and is emphasized by a wavy line.
• Snowflake melting. In this sentence, “melting” is part of a compound nominal predicate with an omitted linking verb (present tense modality).

About half of all participles have a short form. The short form is formed from the full form by truncation of the morphemic suffix. It is important not to confuse the form of a short adjective with the form of a short participle.

In Russian, this part of speech is of two types: active and passive.

Active participle

The active participle denotes the object or person who himself performs the action.

For example: A running person (the person performs the action independently), melting snow (the snow performs the action independently).

• Present tense suffixes: ush-yush, ush-yush.
• Past tense suffixes: wsh (w).

These suffixes will help determine the tense and type of participle. All active present participles are formed from the stem of verbs of the same form.

It should be noted that the suffixes ush (yush) form this part of speech from the verb of the first conjugation, and the suffixes asch-yashch are from the verb of the second conjugation. For example: “sowing” is formed from the verb “to sow” of the first conjugation of the present tense using the suffix "yush".

Passive participle

The passive form denotes a sign based on the action of an object that does not itself perform this action (experiences this action on the part of another object or person).

For example: a reed shaken by the wind (a reed that shakes the wind, the reed itself did not perform this action), a sown field (a field that someone sowed, the field did not perform the action itself).

• Present passive suffixes: um-em-im
• Passive past tense suffixes: nn, t.

Passive present participle is formed similarly to the real one, only other suffixes are used. When forming the past participle using suffixes nn, t the basis of the infinitive from which this part of speech was formed is preserved.

Exception! When forming a passive participle from a verb ending in “it,” the base of the infinitive will be cut off and a suffix will be added to it enn.

The passive participle can be formed from a single intransitive verb. For example: The words managed and driven are formed from the verbs manage and lead, which are intransitive.

The past passive form is formed from complete perfective and imperfective verbs. However, there are very few participles formed from imperfective verbs in the Russian language.

It is impossible to form such forms from verbs: search, take, love, write, sew, revenge, beat. The verb “to give” has the singular form “given”.

It should be noted that there are several verbs in -sti- and -st-, the forms of which are formed from the stem of the future tense.

• Example: Bring - brought, spin - spun

A reflexive postfix can be added to the passive tenses of the present and past tenses "Xia"

• Example: Selling (books, buns), arrogant (children, athletes).

Participial

Before you find out the role of these parts of speech in a turnover, you need to understand what a turnover is. So, a participle phrase is the creation of a phrase with dependent words. In both complex and simple sentences, the participial phrase can be found:

• Before the defined word;
• After the defined word.

Please note that the participial phrase is always a single member of the sentence, namely the agreed upon common definition.

For example:

Painting, , hangs in the hall of our museum. In this sentence the participial phrase “ painted by a famous artist" comes before the word being defined, "picture," and is the agreed upon common definition.

We hope that our article helped you improve your knowledge of the Russian language and understand what the full passive participle is.