63. At the end of the 2nd person singular verbs it is written -sh: teach sew , teach sew Xia.
64. Personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation: -u(-y), -eat, -et, -eat, -e, -ut(-yut); II conjugation: -u(-yu), -ish, -it, -im, -ite, -at(-yat) .
When personal endings are stressed, then it becomes clear what to write: -eat or -hey , -ut or -at etc. In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of verbs with unstressed personal endings, you need to remember that among such verbs there are endings of the second conjugation: 1) verbs ending in the indefinite form with -it ; 2) eleven of the following verbs: drive, hold, breathe, hear, turn, see, depend, hate, offend, watch, endure, as well as derivatives from them. The remaining verbs have I conjugation endings.
Exception. Verb shave- I conjugation, although it ends in -it: you shave, shave.
Note 1. It is useful to remember: they are rut I t, holding A t, breathe A t, hear A t, vert I t, view I t, stuck I t, hate I t, insult I t, look I t, terp I T.
Verb want in the singular - I conjugation, and in the plural. part - II conjugation: want, want, wants, want, want, want.
Note 2. About how to write unstressed endings in a verb with a prefix You- , must be judged by the unprefixed verb: vysp And shya - sp And sew, drink e sh - drink e sew.
Note 3: Along with the form lay (spread out, spread out etc.) there is a colloquial form lay (lay down, spread out etc.) Personal endings are used only depending on the form lay, i.e. I conjugation: you lay it down (make your bed, make your bed), stem (spread, spread), ... lay (will lay down, spread out).
65. In the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation after sibilants, under stress instead O is written her): attracts e T, LJ e T.
66. Infinitive endings for verbs: -t, -whose, -ti, -tsya, -tsya, -tsya.
Distinguish indefinite endings -tsya from 3rd person endings -tsya questions help: the indefinite form answers the question what to do? (or do?), and the 3rd person - to the questions what is he doing? (or will they? will they?) what is being done?
For example: Comrade wants(what to do?) study. He thinks(what to do?) do math. He(what will it do?) will do math.
67. In the imperative mood it is written after consonants b: sit down b , cut off b , eat b . Letter b remains in plural. h.: sit down b those, cut off b those, eat b those, and also - before -xia: throw b — throw b Xia, namaz b — namaz b Xia.
Exception. From the verb lie down imperative mood l I G, l I where.
68. Indefinite and past tense suffixes -ova-, -eva- are written when the 1st person verb ends in -yu, -yu: conversations O chat (talk), mountains e I'm grieving (I'm grieving), in e fight (fight); if the 1st person ends in -I am, -I am no emphasis on A, then in an indefinite form and in the past tense it is written s, and: story s vayu - to tell, review And vayu - to consider; when stressed on A is written -evayu, -evayu: overcome e vat - overcome e vayu, over e vat - over e vayu and so on.
The verb is one of the most difficult parts of speech in the Russian language to learn and write. The most difficult spelling in this topic is the spelling of verb endings in unstressed position. Their correct spelling depends on such a concept as conjugation.
What is conjugation?
Conjugation is a linguistic term for changing the person and number of a verb. In other words, this is the set of personal endings that a word acquires when changing person and number. Fortunately for students, there are only two types of conjugation in the Russian language. Whatever verb out of several million existing ones is taken as an example, when changed it will acquire inflections:
- U/YU, EAT, ET in the singular and EAT, ETE, UT/YUT in the plural.
- U/YU, ISH, IT, in the singular and IM, IT, AT/YAT in the plural.
Let's conjugate the verb sleep: I sleep, we sleep, you sleep, you sleep, he sleeps, they sleep. Its endings, when changed, show that it belongs to the second conjugation. Another word - live. I live, we live, you live, you live, he lives, they live. Therefore, it is a first conjugation verb.
Prefix you- and verb conjugation
Verbs that have a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the non-prefixed verbs with the same root. This information is very important for words with the prefix You-, which has the property of “pulling off” the emphasis. For example, to determine the conjugation of a word will fly out, you need to remove the prefix, and you get a verb flies with a stressed personal ending, which refers to the second conjugation.
Thus, the endings of verbs in personal forms that are under stress indicate that they belong to one or another conjugation. But what to do if the accent is not the ending, but the stem of the word? Indeed, in this case, the desired letter is not heard clearly, it is in a weak position, and a mistake can be made. A rule comes to the rescue.
How to determine the conjugation if the personal ending is unstressed?
To determine which of the two types of conjugation available in the Russian language a verb belongs to, if the stress falls not on the ending, but on the stem, you need to form the initial form of the word. This form is called an infinitive and you can ask questions to it what to do?(perfect form) and what to do?(imperfect species). Next, you should look at what the resulting word ends with and apply the rule. In other words, unstressed endings of verbs can be written correctly only if their conjugation is determined.
The 2nd conjugation includes verbs that have unstressed personal endings, which in the infinitive form end in -it.
The 1st conjugation includes verbs with personal endings in unstressed position, which in the infinitive end in any letters except -it. These could be combinations -et, -at, -ot, -t, -ch and many others.
For example, the word dreaming. The emphasis falls not on the ending, but on the stem of the word. To determine the conjugation, we put the verb in the infinitive form: what to do? - dream. Ends with - at. This means that this verb belongs to 1 conjugation, and, changing in persons and numbers, it will take the corresponding endings.
You're sawing. Let's form the initial form - to nag. At the end of the word - it, therefore, it is a second conjugation verb, and the set of personal endings will be appropriate.
So, in order to correctly write vowels at the endings of verbs in an unstressed position, you need to put the word in the infinitive form and, depending on what it ends in, determine the conjugation. It seems simple. But if in the Russian language there weren’t a dozen exceptions for every rule, it would not be considered one of the most difficult languages in the world to learn. And the simple rule about conjugation also has insidious exception words.
Exception verbs
Exceptions are those words that do not follow the general rule. There are 14 exception verbs in the conjugation rule that must be remembered in order to avoid spelling errors.
There are 7 words in -et, which, changing in person and number, take on the endings of verbs of 2 conjugations: these are words offend, depend,endure, hate, watch,twirl,see. For example, the word tolerate accepts the following endings: I tolerate, we tolerate, you tolerate, you tolerate, he tolerates, they tolerate.
4 verbs in - at, which are also not conjugated in accordance with the rule and have personal endings of 2 conjugations: drive, hear, hold, breathe. I hear, we hear, you hear, you hear, he hears, they hear.
And finally, 3 verbs starting with - it - lay,shave And rest on- have personal endings for verbs of 1st conjugation: I am laying, we are laying, you are laying, you are laying, he is laying, they are laying.
The endings of these 14 verbs need to be known by heart, because they do not obey the general rule.
Variably conjugated verbs
It is noteworthy that in the Russian language there are 2 interesting verbs, which are called heteroconjugated, because, when the person and number change, they acquire the endings of the first conjugation in some forms, and the second in others, without obeying any rules. Fortunately, their personal endings are stressed, so there are no errors in their spelling. But they still need to be remembered. These are verbs want And run. When they are conjugated, the following picture is obtained.
Want: I want, we want, you want, you want, he wants, they want(in the singular the verb changes according to type 1 conjugation, in the plural - according to type 2). Run: I'm running, we're running, you're running, you're running, he's running, they're running(in the 3rd person plural form the verb has the ending of the 2nd conjugation, in all other forms - the endings characteristic of the 1st conjugation).
Algorithm for choosing verb endings
So, the spelling of verb endings follows a fairly simple and logical rule; it is important to simply understand it. To correctly write the endings of verbs, you need to be able to determine their conjugation. To do this, you should use a clear algorithm.
1. See where the emphasis falls: on the ending or on the stem of the word (don’t forget about the insidious prefix You: if it exists, it is necessary to determine the conjugation by an unprefixed synonym).
2. If the emphasis falls on the personal ending, then the conjugation is determined from it, in accordance with the rule.
3. If the base is stressed, then it is necessary to put the verb in the infinitive form. The last three letters of the formed form will be important.
- The verb ends in -it (except for three exceptions), which means it is of the second conjugation. Here we also include 7 verbs ending in - there, and 4 verbs -at.
- A verb in its initial form ends in any other letters (except for the 11 verbs listed above), which means it is conjugated according to the type of first conjugation. Let's add here 3 exception verbs in -it.
4. Verbs want And run- differently conjugated, they cannot be attributed to either the first or the second conjugation, and this feature just needs to be remembered.
Let's sum it up
Spelling verb endings requires knowledge of the rules and the application of a clear algorithm. The main thing is to correctly determine which of the two conjugations the word belongs to, and depending on this, write the desired letter in the unstressed personal ending. Verbs are insidious, among them there are many exceptions that do not want to obey the general rules, but paying attention to the word and applying a simple rule will help you avoid many mistakes!
In this article we will look at the functions of prefixes in combination with verbs of motion. Verbs of motion themselves are a difficult topic, and the large number of prefixes complicates it even more. But it is always worth remembering that language is logical, and everything in it has its own meaning. If you have not yet learned all the pairs of verbs of motion and have not practiced them until they become automatic, then it is better to analyze the topic “prefixes + verb of motion” using one or two verbs.
So, let's look at how prefixes change the meaning of verbs. In the description we use the word "object". It could be anything that somehow participates in our movement or is a witness to it: a house, a mountain, a bridge, and so on.
Console IN-, IN- means:
movement into an object or movement upward (with certain verbs).
A student entered the classroom(verb "to go")
The tractor drove up the mountain(verb "to go")
Console VZ- (Sun-, VZO-) means upward movement.
We must climb this mountain(verb "to go")
Console YOU- means:
movement from inside an object;
absence (provided that the subject will return soon);
departure (provided that we know the departure time).
The student left the class(verb "to go")
The man went out to smoke(verb "to go")
We're leaving in ten minutes(verb "to go")
Console AT- means achieving a goal.
We came to the sea (verb "to go")
Console PRO- means:
through traffic;
moving past something;
quantitative result of movement.
You have to walk two blocks to get to the market.(verb "to go")
Don't pass by(verb "to go")
We walked more than twenty kilometers in one day(verb "to go")
Console PERE- means moving from one place to another. And also a perfect short action that describes movement.
He crossed the bridge(from one bank to the other) (verb "to go")
Console BY- means the beginning of a movement or the intention to make a movement in the future.
In the morning I will wake up and go to work(verb "to go")
In summer we will go to the sea(verb "to go")
Walking in the fresh air before bed is beneficial(verb "to walk")
The prefix U- means removal for quite a long time, for a long time.
I got tired of the party and went home(verb "to go")
Console UNDER- (PDO-) means approaching (provided that a small distance has been covered)
The guy approached the girl and asked her to dance(verb "to go")
Console FROM- (GTO-) means removal (provided that a small distance has been covered).
When it started to rain, we went under a tree(verb "to go")
Console BEFORE- means movement to a specific place.
There was a strong thunderstorm, I somehow got home(verb "to go").
Console BEHIND- means:
movement as a result of which the subject finds himself behind something (behind something);
movement with a stop;
moving to a place for a short time.
He walked around the corner and realized that he was lost(verb "to go")
On the way home I stopped at the store and bought bread(verb "to go")
Come visit us(verb "to walk")
Console ABOUT- (ABOUT-, OBO-) means:
movement around;
covering the entire object with movement;
He walked around the house looking for the keys.(verb "to go")
During our walk we walked around the entire park(verb "to go")
Console WITH- (CO-) means:
downward movement. Used in combination with the endings -СЯ, -Сь;
perfect movement back and forth.
In the evening we came down from the hill(verb "to go")
I went to the store for milk(verb "to walk")
Console ONCE- (ASD-, RAZO-) means movement in different directions. Used in combination with the endings -СЯ, -Сь.
It's late, time to go home(verb "to walk").
1. Stressed personal endings are written in accordance with pronunciation, for example: 1) you're taking, you're taking; sings, sings; protects; bake (I conjugation); 2) flying, flying; silent, silent (II conjugation).
The spelling of verbs with unstressed personal endings is determined by conjugation.
The II conjugation includes:
a) verbs ending in the indefinite form with -it(build, be built, wear, rush) -,
b) 11 exception verbs: drive, hold, breathe, hear, turn, see, depend, hate, offend, look, endure, as well as derivatives from them (drive out, linger, see each other, etc.).
The rest of the verbs with unstressed endings are I conjugations, for example: prick - prick, fight - fight, dig - dig, winnow - winnow, etc.
Exceptions: Verbs shave And rest on belong to the I conjugation shave, shave; is built, is built.
Notes: 1. About how to write verb endings with a prefix You-, must be judged by a prefixless verb, for example: if you get enough sleep - you sleep, if you pour - you pour, etc.
2. Along with the form lay(to lay down, spread out, etc.) there is a colloquial form lay(make bed, spread out, etc.). Personal endings are used only depending on the form lay, i.e. from the form I of the conjugation: stelesh (bed, spread, spread), stelet (bed, spread, spread), spread (bed, spread, spread).
2. Letter b is written:
a) in the indefinite form of the verb, which answers the question what to do? or what to do?, for example: A friend wants (what to do?) to study (compare: A friend (what is he doing?) studying at the institute). He needs (what to do?) do mathematics (cf.: He (what will he do?) do mathematics);
b) in endings of the 2nd person singular, for example: you teach, you study;
c) in the imperative mood after consonants, for example: throw, throw, throw, throw; cut, cut. (The imperative form of the verb lie down - lie down, lie down.)
3. It is necessary to distinguish between the forms of the 2nd person plural of verbs of the first conjugation of the indicative and imperative moods: in the indicative mood it is written -yeah, in the imperative - -ite, for example: 1) When you go out on duty, check the attendance register (you go out - indicative mood). - Go out on duty tomorrow (go out - imperative).
Note. In verbs of the second conjugation in the 2nd person plural it is written -ite both in the imperative and in the indicative mood, for example: Watch the new movie. - When will you watch it?
4. In the stems of past tense verbs before the suffix -l the same vowel is written as before -th in an indefinite form, for example: heard (hear), saw (see), glued (glue), sowed (sow).
5. A suffix is written in the indefinite form and past tense form of the verb -ova- (eva), if the verb in the 1st person of the present tense ends in -yu - -yu eg: sermon ova t (preach), conversation ova t (talking), night Eve t (spend the night), mountains Eve t (grief). If in the 1st person singular form the verb ends in -I'm - -I'm, then suffixes are written in the indefinite form and the past tense form -yva- - -iva- eg: report yva t (report), teaches yva t (take into account), consider willow t (considering), now willow yes (I insist).
Note. Verbs with suffixes -ova- - -eva-, -yva- - -iva- must be distinguished from verbs with a stressed suffix -va-, for example: zap Eve yes, cash willow yeah, under Ava t. Before the suffix -va- the vowel that is in the root of the verb is written (i.e. without the suffix -va-): sing, pour, serve. But: to eclipse (although to eclipse), to get stuck (although to get stuck), to gape (although to gape).
279. Write down, forming from these verbs the 3rd person plural forms of the present or future simple tense. Place emphasis, indicate the type of verb and conjugation, and indicate personal endings.
Throw - throw[yut] (non-Soviet century, I reference) - throw - throw [yat] (Soviet century, II reference), to offend, to offend, to be comforted, to be consoled, to depend, to drive, to drive, to be heard, obey, breathe, meet, meet, bark, paste, sift, grind, spread, spread.
280. Write down the verbs with missing letters, explaining graphically the choice of ending.
Sample: are building (II reference).
I. 1) The grass is fading. Dozing...t hut. 2) Fresh grass is breathing in my face. 3) And in the rye the road creeps... 4) And, deep, bottomless, the heavens exposed above my head are so full of blue. 5) In vain the grass is crushed in the garden where the grapes grow. 6) Nightingales start arguing with young accordion players. 7) And the swallows flap their wings, and stamp...on someone’s stove. 8) He stands and every bush can be heard...t, every stone can be seen...t ahead... You don’t write anything special, just write...t: “Lyuba, wait.”
(M. Isakovsky)
II. 1) The night spreads shadows and the wet shore is cold, the night draws its golden net into the distance - and soon the shine will fade and wane..t. 2) Clouds descend on the Alps towards dusk. 3) The sun prints the paths all day long. 4) The wind pulls me into the distance, my song resounds loudly... 5) Outside the neighbor’s door the clock is knocking and ice is dripping from the windows. 6) The clouds pass...the clouds are higher and softer, and the wind dries the garden and blows softly into the windows. 7) Soon the thunder will be louder and louder, and an eerie brilliance will light up the distance.
(I. Bunin)
281. Write it off. Put the verbs given in brackets in the imperative form. Explain the use of the letter b.
1) The fog begins to swirl(?) over the river. (Paust.) 2) She even started to like(?) the town. (Paust.) 3) Your beauty does not age, it only develops(?) stronger. (Tward.) 4) You walk(?) on the young earth - the grass is green behind you. (Tward.) 5) No! Where it’s about the people, I’m the first to get carried away (?) ready. (N.) 6) You have amused the bar quite a bit, (to amuse) the men. (N.) 7) Keep quiet, (bow), and don’t (contradict) the sick man, we will reward you. (N.) 8) And I’ll say without hiding, bring me there and... you, I would like to knock on that hostess (?) on the way, ask for water to drink (?)... (Tward.)
282. Replace descriptive figures of speech with synonymous verbs in the imperative mood (necessarily with b).
1) Make preparations for the experiments. - Get ready to carry out experiments. 2) Immediately inquire about the train departure time. 3) Determine the mass of this mineral. 4) Don’t start arguments in vain. 5) Take off your coat.
283. Make two sentences with each given verb: in the first it should be included in a compound verbal predicate (in an indefinite form), in the second it should be used as a simple verbal predicate (in the form of the 3rd person present or future simple tense). Write down the sentences. Emphasize -tsya And -tsya.
Sample. This book may be useful to you there are.- This book will be useful to you tsya.
See, move, go, be afraid, return, care, cope, plunge, encounter, turn on, marvel, meet, return, succeed.
284. Write it off. Underline the verbs in the 3rd person and indefinite form.
1) It’s a little dawning(?) Not a single leaf is swaying(?) 2) We need to get ready (?) to go fishing as soon as possible. 3) It is necessary to prepare well for the hike. It would be a good idea to take a raincoat with you: it may come in handy(?) along the way. A hatchet will also come in handy(?) in the forest. 4) You can get to the tourist base (?) both by train and by boat. It’s better to go(?) on a boat: before dinner we’ll be able to buy(?) ourselves some more. 5) We really like the area around us, but how could we not like it(?): forest, river, abundance of mushrooms and berries. 6) The tourists who went on a hike promised to return (?) in the evening, but they will be delayed (?) and will not return on time. 7) It feels (?) that a thunderstorm is approaching (?) Will they be able(?) to return(?) before the rain?
285. Write it down, putting the verbs in the correct personal form of the present tense. Indicate the conjugation of each verb.
I. 1) The audience (to watch) the new film with interest. 2) (Blow) fierce winds, (drive) sailing boats. (Lighthouse.) 3) Heat (to burn) and (to puff). (Dal) 4) The felt of the yurt (sway) slightly. (Priv.) 5) The wipers on the sidewalk (break) the ice. 6) Ozimi (lay), exactly the Danube. (Dahl)
II. 1) The slanting and annoying rain (whip) in the face. (Stan.) 2) Plumes of smoke (spread) over the roadstead. (Stan.) 3) The sea (breathe) with invigorating freshness. (Nov.-Pr.) 4) Stubborn sailors (fight) the waves and wind. 5) The morning is quiet and foggy. (Crawl), (move) white ghosts, (hide) in the sea. (New.-Pr.) 6) My hands (hold) tightly to the iron gangway of the cabin. Sea (rumble). I’m wet to the last thread, but I don’t (want to) go down. (New.-Pr.) 7) Some steps (heard). (M.-S.) 8) Hard wood is bad (to saw). (T.S.) 9) The sun (to hurt) the eyes. (Ch.) 10) (Flap) the wings of the mill. (Ch.) 11) The geese and swans (splash) and (scream) are anxious. (A.B.) 12) (Doze) pine forest. (V. Br.) 13) With noise, black waves (to find) on white stones. (V. Br.) 14) It’s sweet (to melt) the spring snow in the clearing. (V. Br.) 15) In the gathering dusk (float) snowflakes (Nov.-Pr.)
286. Read an excerpt from a poem by V. Soloukhin. What is the meaning of the 2nd person singular verb form in the text? Find expressive means of language. What is their role in the text?
It happens like this: on a dim day there is a mushroom
You will accidentally enter the forest wilds,
And the forest will stand like a needle wall,
And it will block the right road.
I'm not used to walking around
No proud cliffs, no angry gullies.
Once you start living, you have to live straight,
If you go into the forest, don’t be afraid of the darkness.
Everything is moss and swamp, wherever you turn;
I don’t really know where my home is.
And here you go, stepping over tree stumps
Yes, the spruce forest is straight tearing apart.
Then you spread the branches and in the face
The sun will hit, warm, earthly.
The clearing smells of honey and pollen,
The water in the stream smells like pine needles.
287. Write down, indicating graphically the choice of spellings.
I. 1) You write beautifully and competently. Write to me more often. 2) Remember the poem by A. S. Pushkin “To Chaadaev”. When you remember, read it. 3) Take out unnecessary things from the room. When you took out...those things, tell me about it. 4) As soon as you leave the forest, you will see a field. Leave the room for a few minutes: it needs to be ventilated. 5) Select from these articles the material needed for the report. When you choose, start preparing your report.
II. 1) Knock on my window when you go fishing. When you knock, I'll get ready in an instant. 2) Express everything you think about this matter. If you express everything, you will become calmer. 3) Write out the definitions from the text. After you write them down, choose the most striking epithets from them. 4) Jump on skis from this springboard. When you jump, you will feel great pleasure. 5) If you are in Yalta, be sure to visit Chekhov’s house.
288. Use these verbs in the past and then present or future tenses. Write it down, emphasizing the verb suffix in the indefinite form and in the past tense, and the personal endings in the present and future tense. Orally make sentences with each form of the verb.
I. See - saw - sees, offend - offend - offend; hate, sow, winnow, soar, melt, bark, smell, cherish, repent, toil, hope, start, hear.
II. Numb - numb - numb; become numb, ossify, freeze, become dumbfounded.
289. Write it off. Underline the past tense verbs with one line, the present tense with two.
1) Ice ta..t. Snow melts..l. 2) There is an eagle in the sky. He can see far away all around. So I saw a hare below and fell down like a stone. 3) Tikhon is completely dependent on his mother Kabanikha. Tikhon depended on his mother. 4) There’s a little dog barking loudly on the street. She sank..la, sank..la and fell silent. 5) The hare carefully makes its way, hears every rustle, senses danger from afar. I heard a branch crunch, felt something was wrong, and hid.
290. Read it. Determine the style of the text. Find cases of using present and future tense forms to depict pictures of the past. Choose synonymous forms for these verbs. Compare their visual capabilities. What other expressive means of language are used in this text?
My aunt’s garden was famous for its neglect, nightingales, turtle doves and apples, and the house was famous for its roof. He stood at the head of the courtyard, right next to the garden - the branches of the linden trees hugged him - he was small and squat, but it seemed that he would not last a century - so thoroughly did he look from under his unusually high and thick thatched roof, blackened and hardened by time. Its front facade always seemed to me to be alive: as if an old face was looking out from under a huge hat with sockets of eyes - windows with mother-of-pearl glass from the rain and sun. And on the sides of these eyes there were porches - two old large porches with columns... And the guest felt comfortable in this nest under the turquoise autumn sky!
You will enter the house and first of all you will hear the smell of apples, and then others: old mahogany furniture, dried linden blossom, which has been lying on the windows since June. In all the rooms - the servant's room, the hall, the living room - it is cool and gloomy: this is because the house is surrounded by a garden, and the upper glass of the windows is colored: blue and purple. Everywhere there is silence and cleanliness, although it seems that the chairs, tables with inlays and mirrors in narrow and twisted gold frames have never been moved. And then a cough is heard: the aunt comes out. It is small, but, like everything around, it is durable. She has a large Persian shawl draped over her shoulders. She will come out important, but affably, and now, amid endless conversations about antiquity, about inheritances, treats begin to appear... (I. A. Bunin)
291. Form imperfective verbs from these perfective verbs using suffixes -yva-, -iva-, -va- and, where necessary, alternating sounds in the root. Label the roots.
ABOUT late at - oh cunt to come, with know to be - with know get involved; grind, tear apart, look around, thaw, solder, ridicule, repent, warm up, drink, sing, pour out, overcome, dispel, develop, get, find out, publish, sell, rebel, ruin, dispel, tell, get tired.
292. From given verbs using suffixes -iva-, -iva- form others. Emphasize root vowels O or A and place emphasis. Make up phrases with verbs formed from the highlighted words.
Earn - earn money, master, honor, learn, double, touch.
Condition - condition, defame, summarize, concentrate, legitimize, authorize, strengthen.
293. Write it off. Emphasize the root vowels in verbs -iva-, -iva-.
1) The troops concentrated at the crossing. 2) The head of the delegation was authorized to conduct further negotiations. 3) You cannot tolerate shortcomings in housing construction and legitimize them. (Gas.) 4) New areas of our vast Motherland were being explored. (Ushakov) 5) Forests determine the climate. (Ch.)
294. Write down, choosing synonyms for the highlighted words.
Concentrate all efforts are focused on timely harvesting; restore ruined palace; cancel wrong decision; force course of events; motivate sudden departure; falsify facts; ironize over someone; be patient fiasco.
295. Write it down, choosing from the synonyms given in brackets the one that suits the meaning (put the verbs in the past tense).
1) He was wide... and jumping. (T.) The rifle battalion, preparing for the parade, ... on the square (march, walk). 2) Airplanes use light signals... artillery fire. Signalmen... damage on the line (correct, correct). 3) The furnishings of the house are quite... with its inhabitants. (T.S.) The previously received news... reality (harmonize, correspond). 4) Famous singers usually... have cameo roles. (L.N.) The squadron, approaching the island of Tsushima, is completely... enemy. (Nov-Pr.) (ignore, neglect).
296. Analyze two poems by A. Fet and determine by what morphological means the impression of movement, continuous change in nature or human condition is achieved in them. What mood verbs does the poet use in the last poem? Explain their spelling.
A warm wind blew,
The distant hum has fallen silent...
The dim field fell asleep,
The driver fell asleep.
They settled down in the fence
And the oxen chew
The pure stars lit up
About the canopy of darkness.
Only the choir goes around
Golden month
Only the herd saves
Guard dog.
Yes, and he will doze off lightly -
I'm the only one who won't sleep...
The light flashed... baby,
That's right, he's waiting for me.
If the winter sky is lit with stars
And the moon shines dreamily,
Your image is before me, your wondrous one glides,
You were all created before me.
And light and light, you rush there...
I look and pray for at least a trace,
And light and light - but not a trace;
Only the chest was filled with love.
And I would fly, fly after your beauty,
And let the stars burn in the sky,
And faster and brighter are the myriad rays
They look at dust particles at night.
297. Read the text, title it, retell it. Make up sentences with phraseological units and write them down. How phraseological units appeared stay with your nose, kill your nose?
From the biography of words and phraseological units
It turns out that these phraseological units are not only of different origins, but also have nothing to do with the word nose as a designation of a part of the face.
According to ancient custom, the groom brought a nose to the bride's parents, that is, an offering, a gift, a ransom. If the groom was refused, he was left with his nose. Later this word was associated with the word nose in the modern understanding, the expressions appeared nose, lead by the nose(to mislead, to fool).
Phraseologism of a different origin Nick down(remember well). In the old days, a nose was a name given to a memorial plaque, a tag that was carried with you (here nose- from the verb wear) illiterate people, making various notches on it. (A. Arsyriy)
298. Read and indicate the meaning of phraseological units (if you have difficulty, use dictionaries). Write it down and make sentences with highlighted phraseological units.
Make a difference, play a role, play first violin, pass through with red thread, put under the cloth, add laurels, sum up, make efforts, take...first place, take...steps, take...action, leaves much to be desired, reveals shortcomings, make an impression, vouch for your head.
299. Read it. Indicate what mistakes were made when using verbs and using phraseological units. Correct the sentences.
1) Russian troops achieved victory. 2) Gogol reveals autocratic-serf Russia. 3) Onegin rushes about in search of the use of his powers. 4) Landscape plays a big role in the novel. 5) Positive artistic images play a huge educational value.
300. Write it off. Indicate the type of verbs that have missing letters and indicate the roots. Emphasize the alternating vowels.
1) A breath of living force touched the mother’s heart, waking him up. 2) There is nothing that does not concern honest people. 3) The words easily emerged from the depths of her heart and formed into a song. 4) Drawing images dear to her, she put all the power, all the abundance of love into her words. 5) Egor threw his head back, closed his eyes and froze..r. 6) Everything strangely froze in gloomy stillness. 7) Nikolai finished speaking, took off his glasses, wiped them, looked at the glass in the light and began to wipe them again. 8) He lovingly lit the firewood.
(M. Gorky)
301. Write down, replacing the highlighted nouns with verbs of the same root, putting dependent words in the required form. If you have any difficulties, check your spelling dictionary. Among the verbs you formed, underline the intransitive ones.
Prop...after all new views, r..ferat articles, prop..ganda legal knowledge, st..bilization provisions, h..stvo satisfaction, report about the work of the commission, honor winners participation in the play.
In Russian, verbs are formed mainly in a prefixal way. There are a total of 26 verbal prefixes in the Russian language. The same prefix can appear in several phonetic variants. For example, the prefix o-(ob-, ob-): color, go around, go around.
Each verb prefix has several meanings. For example, the prefix has 9 meanings. Here are some of them: 1) movement over an object (jump over a puddle); 2) repeated action (read the book again); 3) dividing an object into parts (cutting a log in half); 4) excessive completeness of action (oversalt food); 5) extending the action to all subjects (re-read all books); 6) mutual action (with the postfix xia-) (correspond with parents); 7) achieving victory, winning (outwitting everyone).
Some prefixes, when attached to a verb, do not introduce additional shades of the meaning of the word, but change the imperfect form of the verb to the perfect: do - make, bake - bake, write - write.
Prefixed verbs are often used in a figurative meaning: to get into a position, to suffer an illness, to look around, to retire.
Verbs with the prefix v-/vo-
Verbs with the prefix v- have the following meanings:
6. movement inward: enter, drive in, bring in, fit in, paste in, break in, etc.
7. upward movement: climb (up a tree), drag (up the stairs);
8. deepening into action (verbs of perception): listen, ponder, peer.
Verb compatibility:
Verb + v + V.p.: enter the house, intervene in the conversation, bring furniture into the room, listen to the conversation, carefully look at the photograph;
Verb + na + V.p.: climb a tree, drive up a mountain, carry a suitcase to the fifth floor.
Portable use:
Enter/enter history, tradition, habit, position, up to date
Mislead/mislead
Contribute/contribute
Invest / invest meaning, knowledge, strength
Exercises
- Read it. Determine the meaning of the prefix v- in verbs. Find cases of using verbs with the prefix v- in a figurative meaning.
1) In our O became a tradition once every 5 years e chat with one O classmates. 2) It is difficult to drive a nail d into a concrete wall. 3) The boys rode their bicycles up the mountain with difficulty. 4) M O The boss brought the specialist up to date, and his colleagues helped O gave advice.5) Opera must be perceived by listening to every sound. 6) From O Captivity started in mid-October.
2. Read, inserting the necessary verbs. Determine the meaning of the prefix in these verbs.
1)Young family…. to a new apartment. 2) Children should not... talk to adults. 3) The girl took pity on the kitten and... brought it into the house. 4) Grandmother... frame a photo of her granddaughter. 5) We need... TV: the latest news will be broadcast now. 6) The teacher ... was in the student’s position and allowed him to take the exam ahead of schedule. 7) The name of Yuri Gagarin entered the history of astronautics.
For reference: enter/enter, enter/enter, intervene/intervene, insert/insert, let/let in, enable/include
3. Come up with situations where you can use expressions mislead, contribute, become habitual.
Verbs with the prefix you-
Basic values:
1. movement from the inside: take it out of the house, throw it away (garbage), let it out (the bird from the cage), pour it out (sugar from the bag);
2. exhaustion of action: cry, listen, sleep, speak out.
Compatibility:
Verb + from + R.p.: leave the store, move out of the apartment;
Verb + in, on + V.p.: run out into the street, leave Minsk for Moscow;
Verb + V.p.+ from + R.p.: write down words from the text, take your hands out of your pockets;
Verb + on + P.p., Verb + with + P.p.: to speak at a conference, at a meeting, to make a report, a speech, a proposal.
Portable use
Go out / go out of print (about a book), go out / go out on screens (about a film)
Fail/break down (go bad, need repair)
To endure heat, cold, difficulties, overload
Look good, bad, sick, tired
Get married
Go out/lose your temper
Exercises
1. Read. Determine the meaning of the prefix you- in verbs.
1) The Tretyakov Gallery exhibits works of famous artists. 2) Students dream of having a good night's sleep after the session. 3) During the defense of their thesis, students must give a short presentation about their research. 4) When leaving, turn off the lights. 5) A textbook on word formation will be published soon. 6) After the summer holidays, everyone looked happy, tanned, and rested. 7) The washing machine is out of order - you need to call a technician. 8) How much grief people endured during the war: hunger, cold, suffering and death of loved ones. 9) When you read a new text, write down unfamiliar words and check their meaning in a dictionary. 10) You look very bad - don’t go out and call a doctor at home. 11) When talking, take your hands out of your pockets.
2.Read the phrases. Match them with opposite meanings. Indicate prefixes in verbs. Determine the meaning of prefixes.
Example: climb into the hatch - howled e from the hatch
Vv O bring currency into the country - ..., let spectators into the hall - ..., vb e press into the audience - ..., Tue A put the suitcase in the compartment - ..., pour water into the kettle - ..., pour sugar into the sugar bowl - ..., turn on the vacuum cleaner - ..., drive into the garage - ..., VK A point to O a sling into the entrance of the house -….
Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.
3.Read, inserting prefixes that suit their meaning.
1) You can’t drive this car: it…was out of order. 2) This film...was released a year ago and...immediately...was among the most popular films. 3) You must first get an education, and then...get married. 4) A sensitive person is one who...goes into the situation of other people, a resourceful person is one who knows how to...get out of a difficult situation. 5) Every morning I ... leave home at eight o’clock, and at half past nine I already ... go to the university building. 6) We...breathe oxygen, and...breathe carbon dioxide. 7) When the rain poured down, passers-by...ran to shops and underground passages to hide from the rain, but still...they got wet to the skin.
Write down sentences in which verbs are used figuratively.
Verbs with the prefix vz-/vs-
Basic values:
1. rise up: fly into the sky, flutter, float to the surface of the water;
2. violation of the state: explode, boil, dig up, whip up.
Compatibility:
Verb + na + V.p. : run up to the second floor, climb a mountain, fly into the sky;
Verb + V.p.: boil tea, loosen the soil, dig up a bed, whip cream.
Portable use
To rise/rise (about crops, about the sun). The rye began to sprout. The sun will rise soon.
Float/float. At the end of the meeting, another question suddenly surfaced.
Exercises
1. Read. Insert the prefixes v-, you-, vz-/vs-.
1) In early spring we...digged the beds,...planted tulip bulbs in the ground. Very soon our tulips...were coming. They...shot green arrows. Then sharp red petals appeared from the buds. If you look closely at these flowers, you will see how much fresh charm they contain.
2) ...the sun was shining. ...a bee flew for honey. And then the first butterfly appeared. She...fluttered over the flower and began to drink the sweet juice. ..hardworking ants ran to work.
Explain the meaning of prefixes.
2. Complete the statements using the words in brackets.
1) The work of sappers is very dangerous because... (explode/explode).
2) Today we will bake a cake, help me…..(beat/beat).
3) The instructions say that before using this medicine... (shake / shake) /
4) To brew tea, you must first... (boil).
Verbs with the prefix do-
Basic values:
- bringing an action to the end, to a certain limit: getting (to the house), finishing (a letter);
- achieving results despite difficulties: calling, agreeing, waiting, thinking;
Compatibility:
Verb + to + R.p.: before live before old age, before swim before shores;
Verb + V.p. + to + R.p.: before listen to the song before middle, before read a book before end;
Verb + V.p.: before call for Xia children, before wake up Xia son (with difficulty);
Verb + d.p. (+ to + D.p.; + to + R.p.): before call Xia friend, To friend, before girlfriends;
Verb + s + etc. (o + P.p.) before speak with girlfriend O meeting, before guess xiao reason (what?)
Portable use
Reach/reach, bring/bring, convey/convey to the viewer, reader.
Bring to the attention of, to the end
Exercises
- Read it. Highlight the prefixes in the verbs and determine their meaning.
1) You will never guess who came to us! 2) The spaceship flew to the Moon. 3) The children are so carried away by the game that the mother will not give them dinner. 4) I can’t get around to writing you a letter. 5) The director managed to convey to the audience the idea of the all-conquering power of love. 6) The young man helped his neighbor carry a heavy bag into the apartment. 7) The children couldn’t wait for the New Year. 8) It’s amazing how birds manage to fly to the other shore without resting. 9) We were in such a hurry that we didn’t even finish our tea.
2. Rearrange the statements using verbs with the prefix do-, formed from the highlighted verbs.
1) My grandfather lived for a very long time and died at 96 years old. 2) I told you the whole evening yesterday called, but no one answered the phone. 3) I'm going to university I'm going exactly 30 minutes. 4) Mother long woke me up son, but he didn’t want to wake up. 5) You need more work over this abstract. 6) I can’t return this book to the library yet, because I’m still working on read her.
3. Make up sentences using expressions: to finish, to reach with difficulty, to reach the finish line, to wait for the meeting.
Verbs with the prefix for-
Basic values:
- movement in depth or behind an object: go around the corner of the house, throw the ball into the net, put your hands in your pockets;
- incidental action: go to the store on the way, pick up a friend;
- spreading the effect over the entire surface: sew up a hole, splash paint on clothes, plant the area with flowers;
- excessive action: staying up at a party, reading until the morning;
- beginning of action: cry, scream, bloom
- performing an action in advance: purchasing groceries, planning a trip;
- bringing the action to the end: write down the phone number, fry the meat;
Compatibility:
Verb + for + V.p.: throw over the fence, go behind a tree;
Verb + V.p. + etc.: cover the ground with snow, populate the house with tenants
Portable use:
Wind/start a watch, car, motor, dog, fish
Come in/come in (about the sun)
Abandon/abandon studies, classes, sports, work
Exercises
- Read it. Determine the meaning of prefixes in verbs with prefixes.
1) The first artificial earth satellite was launched in 1957 in the Soviet Union. 2) The writer decided to write a historical novel about the War of 1812. 3) Come see me at least for a little while to arrange a trip. 4) I love watching the sun rise and set. 5) If you get a dog, it becomes a member of your family. 6) He successfully completed his studies until the third year, but then suddenly abandoned classes. 9) During the night, snow covered the ground and roofs of houses. 10) Figure skating captivated the children so much that they flooded the skating rink in the yard themselves. When the water froze, they began skating. 11) Hearing the owner’s steps, the dog jumped and barked joyfully.
2. Read, inserting prefixes that make sense.
1) All guests...cm O stared at the beautiful bride... admired her white wedding dress. 2) From fear to O little kid...climbed onto the roof and couldn't keep up h get off her. 3) The travelers decided... n O chew in l e su. 4) Thrifty squirrels…prepared dried mushrooms, berries, and nuts for the winter.
4) In spring e ka spilled and then O sawed coastal meadows. 5) On the way to the university I ... followed a friend and we went together. 6) The volleyball player threw the ball into the net. 7) Sunny...ch I it came through the window, sunbeams were jumping across the floor. 8) We...were leading a cat, but we also want to...lead fish. 9) When...color e the lilacs are melting, their faintness is heard throughout the city d cue aroma. 10) Everything is expensive and ki and paths...mela m e tel.
Explain the spelling of the highlighted letters.