Pronoun
There are two types of pronouns in Arabic:
1. Disjunctive (personal) pronoun are pronouns that are written separately with words. For example:
هُوَ He (هُوَ كَبِيرٌ he is big); أَنَا I (أَنَا طَوِيلٌ I'm long).
Those. the pronoun هُوَ in the sentence هُوَ كَبِيرٌ has no connection with the word كَبِيرٌ and is therefore called disjunctive pronoun.
2. Joint pronouns are pronouns that are written together with words (more about these pronouns in lesson 6).
Arabic has the following disjunctive pronouns:
Note the following features: 1) the Arabic language distinguishes the grammatical gender of plural pronouns. 2nd, 3rd person and singular 2nd person, for example, in Russian, when addressing a man or woman, we say, You, and in Arabic when addressing a man we say أَنْتَ, and when addressing a woman أَنْتِ.
Rule of formation of the feminine gender
In Arabic, in words defining the profession, type, quality, type of activity of an object, the feminine gender is formed from the masculine gender by adding ة [t] to the end of the word (تَاءُ مَربُوطَة [ta marbuta]). For example:
كَبِيرٌ m.r. big- كَبِيرَةٌf.r. big
The feminine plural (جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ السَّالِمُ) is formed from the singular. w.r. by replacing ة (تاء مربوطة) with ا (أَلِفٌ) and ت (تاء مَفْتُوحَة). For example:
كَبِيرَةٌ big - كَبِيرَاتٌ big w.r.
Note: ة is written at the end of the expression read as Xصَغِيرَةٌ هِيَ [khiya sogirah].
Lesson 3
اسْمُ الإِشَارَةِ – Demonstrative pronouns
Remember demonstrative pronouns:
هَذَا this, this m.r.
هَذِهِ this w.r.
هَؤُلَاءِ these
ذَلِكَ (ذَاكَ) that, that m.r.
تِلْكَ that w.r.
أُوْلَئِكَ those(same for masculine and feminine)
for example: ذَلِكَ رَجُلٌ that man;هَذَا رَجُلٌ this man.
Definite article الـ
All names in Arabic are used either in a definite or indefinite state. One of the signs of the definiteness of a name is the definite article الـ, which is used with names that have already been discussed, as well as with the names of objects that are one of a kind. This article is written together with names. For example:
اَلْغَنِيُّ، اَلرَّجُلُ، اَلْمَرْأَةُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ
Note the following features:
1. The tanvin ending is not compatible with the article الـ.
رَجُلٌ – اَلرَّجُلُ، رَجُلًا – اَلرَّجُلَ، رَجُلٍ – اَلرَّجُلِ.
The Fatah tanvin at the end of the word is closed with an alif.
2. At the beginning of the expression, alif is read with a short unstressed sound A, but in the middle it’s not readable.
اَلْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ – هَذِهِ الْمَرْأَةُ طَوِيلَةٌ.
3. The consonants of the Arabic language are divided into so-called “lunar” and “solar” letters, remember them:
Lunar: ا، ب، ج، ح، خ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، م، هـ، ي، و
Solar: ت، ث، د، ذ، ر، ز، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ل، ن
When the article الـ is attached to lunar letters, لـ is read, when attached to solar letters it is not readable, but at the same time the solar letter is doubled, i.e. the letter لـ is assimilated.
اَلطَّوِيلُ، اَلصَّغِيرُ، اَلرِّجَالُ، اَلنِّسَاءُ
More details on the definiteness and uncertainty of a name are given in Lesson 14.
Lesson 4
Remember:
Lesson 6
الضَّمِيرُ الْمُتَّصِلُ – fused pronoun
A fused pronoun is a pronoun that is written with the words to which it refers together. For example:
صَدِيقُ كَ your friend; صَدِيق ُنَا our friend
In these examples it is clear that the fused pronouns ـكَ is yours; ـنَا our joined to the end of the word صَدِيقٌ Friend and were written together with these words, that’s why they are called merged.
The following fused pronouns exist:
By joining names, fused pronouns perform the function of possessive pronouns, i.e. determine affiliation. For example:
كِتَابُهُ His book; those. this book belongs to him.
When agreeing a fused pronoun with the names to which they refer, the grammatical gender of the owner of the object, and not the object itself, is taken into account. For example:
صَدِيقُكِ your friend; in this example the word صَدِيقُ Friend m.r., and the pronoun ـكِ yours f.r., this means that the owner of the friend is a woman.
صَدِيقَتُكِ your girlfriend; those. girlfriend's owner is a man.
When agreeing a name with a fused pronoun of the 1st person singular. ـِي my The vowel of the last letter is replaced by kyasra. For example: ضَيْفِي my guest.
Names to which fused pronouns are attached are written without the article الـ and tanvin.
You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Arabic.
Personal pronouns indicate the person or thing performing the action denoted by the verb. Example: " I I speak two languages."
List of adjectives
Object pronouns indicate the person or thing in relation to/on which the action is performed. Example: I his I love.
Pronouns with examples
| Russian language | Arabic | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| me, me, me | ny ني | |
| you, you, you | k ك | |
| to him his, to them/him, about him | h ه | |
| to her, by her, about her | ha ها | |
| us, us, us | na نا | |
| you, you, you | kum كم | |
| them, them, them, about them | hum هم | |
| Can you call us? | hal yumkenuk al ettisal bena? هل يمكنك الاتصال بنا؟ | |
| Give me your / your phone number | a"shadow raqm hatefek أعطني رقم هاتفك | |
| I can give you my email address | astatee" an u"teek baridy alelectroni أستطيع أن أعطيك بريدي الإلكتروني | |
| Ask him to call me. | qul lah an yattasel by قل له أن يتصل بي |
Travel vocabulary
A possessive adjective indicates the object of possession and is placed before the noun. Example: English my native language.
Travel vocabulary
| Russian language | Trips | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| my, my, mine, my | y ي | |
| yours, yours, yours, yours | k ك | |
| his | h ه | |
| her | ha ها | |
| our, ours, ours, ours | na نا | |
| yours, yours, yours, yours | kum كم | |
| their | hum هم | |
| His email address is | bareeduh alelectroni huwa... بريده الإلكتروني هو ... | |
| My phone number - | rakm hatefy huwa... رقم هاتفي هو ... | |
| We dream of visiting Spain | hulmuna huwa zeyarat espania حلمنا هو زيارة اسبانيا | |
| Their country is beautiful | dawlatuhum jameela دولتهم جميلة |
The possessive pronoun indicates the object of possession and should not be placed before the noun. In fact, this pronoun can be used alone. Example: This book my.
Travel vocabulary
| Russian language | Trips | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| my | li لي | |
| Yours, yours, yours, yours | lak لك | |
| his | lah له | |
| her | laha لها | |
| our | lana لنا | |
| yours, yours | lakum لكم | |
| their | lahum لهم | |
| Is this pen yours? | hal haza alqalam lak? هل هذا القلم لك؟ | |
| This is my book. | alketaab huwa li الكتاب هو لي | |
| These shoes are hers. | alahzia hiya laha الأحذية هي لها | |
| Victory is ours. | annasru lana النصر لنا |
This is a travel vocabulary list. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversations with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.
Travel vocabulary
| Russian language | Trips | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| airplane | ta"era طائرة | |
| airport | mataar مطار | |
| bus | hafela حافلة (أوتوبيس) | |
| bus station | mahattat alhafelaat محطة الحافلات | |
| car, car | sayara سيارة | |
| flight, flight, flight | rehlat tayaraan رحلة طياران | |
| on business | lel"amal للعمل | |
| for fun | lelmut"a للمتعة | |
| information bureau, information desk | maktab alisti"lamaat مكتب الإستعلامات | |
| hotel, hotel | funduq فندق | |
| baggage | amte"a أمتعة | |
| parking | mawqef asayaraat موقف السيارات | |
| passport | jawaz safar جواز سفر | |
| reservation | hajz حجز | |
| Taxi | sayarat ujra سيارة أجرة | |
| ticket | tazkara تذكرة | |
| travel | yusafer يسافر | |
| tourism | seyaha السياحة | |
| train | qetar قطار | |
| Train Station | mahatat alqetar محطة القطار | |
| By train | belqetar بالقطار | |
| By car | besayara بالسيارة | |
| By bus | Belbas بالباص | |
| by taxi | besayarat ujra بسيارة أجرة | |
| by plane | beta"era بالطائرة |
Daily Talk
Finally, check out the list of phrases used in everyday communication. For a complete list of popular expressions, please see: Arabic phrases.
Arabic phrases
| Russian language | Arabic | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| Do you accept credit cards? | hal taqbal betaqat aleteman? هل تقبل بطاقات الائتمان؟ | |
| How much is it | kam sayukalef haza? كم سيكلف هذا؟ | |
| I have a reservation | ladya hajz لدي حجز | |
| I would like to rent a car | arghab fe estejaar sayara أرغب في استئجار سيارة | |
| I'm here on business/vacation | ana huna lel"amal\fe ejaza أنا هنا للعمل / في إجازة | |
| Is this seat taken? | hal haza almaq"ad ghayru shaagher? هل هذا المقعد غير شاغر؟ | |
| It was nice meeting you! | mutasharefun bema"refatek متشرف بمعرفتكم | |
| Take it! On the! | Khud haza! خد هذا | |
| Do you like it? | hal a"jabak? هل أعجبك؟ | |
| I really like it! | a"jabani katheeran أعجبني كثيرا | |
| Kidding | ana amzah faqat أنا أمزح فقط | |
| I'm hungry / I want to eat. | ana jaa"e" أنا جائع | |
| I'm thirsty | ana "atshaan أنا عطشان |
Benefits of learning a language
Don't worry, you speak Greek with an accent. Many people are attracted to foreign accents. One British dating agency found that having an accent makes its owner sexy.
Congratulations! You completed this lesson on: pronouns and travel. Are you ready for the next lesson? We recommend going through Arabic lesson 9. You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our home page by clicking on the link here:
Encyclopedic YouTube
In the 10th century, as a result of the merging of the ideas of the Basri and Kufi schools, the Baghdad school of Arabic grammar was formed, although some authors deny the existence of the Baghdad school and continue to divide Arab linguists into Basris and Kufi. The Baghdadians were not as categorical as the Basrians and occupied a middle position between schools, taking their due from foreign influences and not completely rejecting them. In their writings, the Baghdadians turned to both the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad and the works of modern poets like Bashshar and Abu Nuwas.
Sciences studying Arabic
In the Arabic tradition, there are 4 sciences that study literary Arabic:
- al-Lugha(Arab. اللغة ) - lexicology, description of vocabulary and meanings of words.
- at-Tasrif(Arab. التصريف or Arabic. الصرف ) - morphology, description of word forms and their formation. Sometimes the science of الإشتقاق al-iştiqāq is isolated from sarf - etymology, word formation.
- al-Nahw(Arab. النحو ) - syntax, the science of the order of words in a sentence and their influence on each other. An important component of this science is al-i'rab(Arab. الإعراب ) - section nahv, studying the change in case endings of words.
- al-Balyaga(Arab. البلاغة ) - rhetoric, the science of correct, convincing and beautiful presentation of thoughts.
Root of the word
Almost all names and verbs in Arabic can have a root consisting of only consonants.
The Arabic root is most often three-letter, less often two- or four-letter, and even less often five-letter; but already for a four-letter root there is a requirement that it contain at least one of the smooth consonants (vox memoriae (memory): مُرْ بِنَفْلٍ).
According to the famous domestic Arabist S. S. Maisel, the number of triconsonant roots in the modern Arabic literary language is 82% of the total number of Arabic roots.
Not just any consonants can participate in the composition of a root: some of them are compatible in the same root (more precisely, in the same cell; see below: b), others are incompatible.
Incompatible:
- Laryngeal: غ ع خ ح (if ع and ء are compatible)
- Non-laryngeal:
ب and فم
ت and ث
ث and س ص ض ط ظ
ج and ف ق ك
خ and ظقك
د and ذ
ذ and ص ض ط ظ
ر and ل
ز and ض ص ظ
س and ص ض
ش and ض ل
ص and ض ط ظ
ض and ط ظ
ط and ظ ك
ظ and غ ق
غ and ق ك
ق and كغ
ل and ن
This feature of the composition of the Arabic root makes the task somewhat easier for those reading the manuscript without dots; for example, the spelling of حعڡر should be جَعْفَر
The formation of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word - internal inflection. An Arabic root, as a rule, consists of three (rarely two or four, extremely rarely five) root consonants (radicals), which, with the help of transfixes, form the entire paradigm of a given root. For example, from the verb كَتَبَ (write), using the consonants “K-T-B” the following words and forms are formed:
Pronouns
Personal
Separate
Separate pronouns are used independently, not in idafa and not as a direct object.
| Face | Units | Dv.h. | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | anāأنا | naḥnuنحن | ||
| 2nd | husband. | antaأنت | antumāأنتما | antumأنتم |
| wives | antiأنت | antunnaأنتنّ | ||
| 3rd | husband. | huwaهو | humāهما | humهم |
| wives | hiyaهي | hunnaهنّ | ||
Fused
Confluent pronouns are used after names, indicating ownership (that is, replacing idafu, كِتَابُهُ kitābuhu “his book”), as well as after verbs, replacing the direct object (كَتَبْتُهُ katabtuhu “I wrote it”). They can also join prepositions (عَلَيْهِ ʕalayhi “to him”, بِهِ bihi “to them, with his help”, etc.), particles of the group إِنَّ (for example إنَّهُ رَجُلٌ صادِقٌ innahu rajul un sˤādiqun "indeed, he is a truthful man" ). Confluent 3rd person pronouns (except ها) have variants with the vowel i after words ending in i or y. The 1st person pronoun is used in the form ني nī after vowels, in the form ـيَّ after y (merging with this sound).
| Face | Units | Dv.h. | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | -nī/-ī/-yaـي | -nāـنا | ||
| 2nd | husband. | -kaـك | -kumāـكما | -kumـكم |
| wives | -kiـك | -kunnaـكن | ||
| 3rd | husband. | -hu/-hiـه | -humā/-himāـهما | -hum/-himـهم |
| wives | -hāـها | -hunna/-hinnaـهن | ||
Index fingers
Demonstrative pronouns are combinations with the Semitic demonstrative ðā (compare Hebrew זה ze "this, this"). Arabic demonstrative pronouns agree with the word they refer to according to general rules. According to cases, they change only in the dual number.
| Genus | Units | Dv.h. | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | hāðā هذا | hāðāni هذان | hā'ulā'iهؤلاء |
| indirect clauses | hāðayni هذين | |||
| Women | straight p. | hāðihiهذه | hātāni هتان | |
| indirect clauses | hātayni هتين | |||
| Genus | Units | Dv.h. | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | İālikaذلك | ðānika ذانك | ulā'ikaأولئك |
| indirect clauses | ðaynika ذينك | |||
| Women | straight p. | tillkaتلك | tanika تانك | |
| indirect clauses | taynika تينك | |||
Interrogative
The following words are interrogative in Arabic: مَنْ man “who?”, مَا، مَاذا mā, māðā “what?”, إينَ ayna “where?”, كَيْفَ kayfa “how?”, مَتَى matā “when?”, كَم ْkam “how much?”, أَيٌّ ayyun (feminine - أَيَّةٌ ayyatun, but the word أي can be used for both genders) “which, which, which?” Of these, only أيٌّ and أَيَّةٌ change by case; they are also used with words in the form of idafa (for example, أَيَّ كِتَابٍ تُرِيدُ ayya kitābin turīdu “what book do you want?”, the pronoun أي has lost tanvin, as the first member of idafa, and received the ending nasba a , since it is the direct object of the verb أرَادَ arāda “to want”).
The word كَمْ is used in several contexts: in the context of a question about quantity, it puts the subsequent word in nasb (كَمْ سَاعَةً تَنْتَظِرُ؟ kam sāʕatan tantazˤiru “how many hours have you been waiting?”), in the context of surprise - in jarr (!كَ مْ أَخٍ لَكَ kam axin laka " how many (how many) brothers do you have!
Relative
Interrogative pronouns ما، من can also be used as relative pronouns.
| Genus | Units | Dv.h. | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | allaðī الّذي | allaðāni اللّذان | allaðīna الّذين |
| indirect clauses | allaðayni الّذين | |||
| Women | straight p. | allatī الّتي | allatāni اللّتان | allātī, allā"ī الّاتي، الائي |
| indirect clauses | allatayni الّتين | |||
Name
Genus
Arabic has two genders: masculine and feminine. The masculine gender has no special indicators, but the feminine gender includes:
1. Words with endings ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: سَاعَةٌ “hours”، صَخْرَاءُ “desert”، كُبْرَى “greatest”
2. Words denoting female people and animals (females), even without external indicators of the feminine gender, for example: أُمٌّ “mother”, حَامِلٌ “pregnant”
3. Words denoting cities, countries and peoples, for example: مُوسْكُو “Moscow”, قُرَيْشٌ “(tribe) Quraysh”
4. Words denoting paired organs of the body, for example: عَيْنٌ “eye”, أُذُنٌ “ear”
5. The following words:
It is worth noting that words denoting male people and animals can also have the endings ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: عَلَّامَةٌ “great scientist”, أُسَامَةُ “Osama (male name)”.
Number
In Arabic there are three numbers of names: singular, dual and plural. Adjectives and verbs agree with nouns in number. The dual number has clear rules of formation, but the plural number is formed in different ways; it must always be clarified in the dictionary.
Dual
The dual number is formed by adding the ending ـَانِ āni to a singular name (and ة becomes ت). Names in the dual number are bicase, in the oblique case (nasb and hafda) their ending is ـَيْنِ ayni. In the conjugate state, these names lose the last nun.
Regular plural masculine
The correct plural is formed by adding the ending ـُونَ ūna to the singular word. In the indirect case, this ending looks like ـِينَ īna. In the conjugated state, these names lose the last nun, and have the endings ـُو ū, ـِي -ī.
Regular plural feminine
Feminine names ending in ة in the plural most often replace it with the ending ـَاتٌ ātun. Some masculine verbal names can take the same ending. In hafda and nasb they change to ـَاتٍ ātin or ـَاتِ āti.
Broken plural
Most names in Arabic are made plural by changing their stem. So many masculine names change (كuge kitābun book - كail.Ru - Kutubun Book), less often - feminine with ة (e.g. axiْuzzٌ madrasatun School - axu material of the school), and practical all the names of the female family without ة.
"Cases"
In Arabic there are three so-called states of names: raf, hafd (or jarr), nasb. They are often translated as nominative, genitive and accusative cases, respectively. These terms do not fully reflect the Arabic category of state, therefore this article uses the Russian transliteration of Arabic terms.
Some names in hafda and nasb have the same form and also do not take tanwin, so they are called “two-case”, and their forms are divided into direct and indirect cases.
Raf" (nominative case)
The raf state is the main, “dictionary” state of names.
Jarr/hafd (genitive case)
Names are used in the hafd state after conjugated names and prepositions. It is formed in three ways:
1. Three-case names, names in the broken plural and whole feminine number change the ending u, un to i, in.
2. Two-case names end in a.
3. Names in the dual and regular masculine plural change the letters و and ا to ي. It also appears in the “five names”.
Nasb (accusative case)
The nasb state has names used as direct objects of verbs, after modal particles, and also as some circumstances without a preposition. Nasb is formed like this:
1. Three-case names and names in the broken plural change u, un to a, an.
2. “Five names” take ا
3. Names in the whole plural of both genders and bicase names in nasb coincide with their forms in hafda.
Nasb is used in the following contexts:
1. The direct object of the verb (كَتَبْتُ رِسَالَةً “I wrote a letter”)
2. In the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by the same or different root name of the action (ضَرَبَهُ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا “he hit him with a strong blow”)
3. In circumstances of time without a preposition (نَهَارًا “in the afternoon”)
4. In the circumstances of direction (يَمِينًا “to the right”)
5. In the circumstances of the course of action in the meaning of purpose or reason (قُمْتُ إِكْرَامًا لَهُ “I stood up out of respect for him”)
6. After “vav jointness” (سَافَرْتُ وأَخَاكَ “I went (together) with your brother”)
7. In the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by the same root or different root participle (ذَهَبَ مَاشِيًا “he set off on foot”)
8. In the context of emphasis (حَسَنٌ وَجْهًا “good face”)
9. After the numerals كَمْ “how many?” and كَذَا “so much”
10. After modal particles (“إنَّ and its sisters”, see below)
11. After the particle لا, when a general, generic negation is implied (لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا الله “there is no deity except the One God”)
12. After the particles ما and لا, when they are used in the meaning of the verb لَيْسَ “not to appear.” Characteristic of the Hijja dialect (مَا هَذَا بَشَرًا = لَيْسَ هَذَا بَشَرًا “this is not a person”)
13. After the construction مَا أَفْعَلَ, expressing surprise (مَا أَطْيَبَ زَيْدًا “how good Zaid is!”)
14. When addressing, if the one being addressed is the first member of the idafa (يَا أَبَا عُمَرَ “oh, Abu “Umar!”, “hey, father of “Umar!”)
Two-case names
Two-case names (الأسماء الممنوعة من الصرف) differ from three-case names in that they do not have a tanvin, in Raf they have the ending -u, and in Hafda and Nasb -a. Bicase, in fact, are the forms of the dual and integer plurals, but they are considered in their own sections.
In a definite and conjugated state, two-case names change as three-case names, that is, with the ending -i.
The following categories of words belong to two-case names:
1. Most female proper names, except those built according to the فَـِـُعْلٌ model. Male names ending in ة.
2. Proper names that match the form of the verb.
3. Proper names and names of non-Arabic origin (except those built according to the فَـِـُعْلٌ model)
4. Proper names with the ending ـَانُ and any names built according to the model فَعْلَانُ.
5. Proper names of the model فُعَلٌ, as well as the word أُخَرُ
6. Proper names formed from two words by addition, but not idafa.
7. Feminine names ending in ـَاءُ or ـَى
8. Model names أَفْعَلُ
9. Names (numerals) of models مَفْعَلُ or فُعَالُ
10. Broken plural names in which there are two or three letters after ا.
Hidden declension names
1. Names ending in alif (regular ا and broken ى, or tanvin ً -an) do not change according to cases.
2. Names to which the fused pronoun ي is attached do not change by case.
3. Names ending in taniwin ٍ -in do not change in raf'e and hafd. In nasb and a certain state of all cases they have the letter ي
Five names
The next five names (in the table) are not changed according to the rules. In the conjugated state and with fused pronouns, their short vowel lengthens. The words ذو and فو do not have forms with short vowels, since they are used only in idafa and with pronouns. Along with them, the correct names صَاحِبٌ and فَمٌ are used.
Forms of the word ذو
| Genus | Units | Dv.h. | Pl. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | raf" | ðū ذو | ðawā ذوا | ðawū, ulū ذوو، أولو |
| nasb | ðā ذا | ðaway ذويْ | ðawī, ulī ذوي، أولي | |
| hafd | ðī ذِي | |||
| Women | raf" | İātu ذاتُ | ðawātā ذواتا | ðawātu, ulātu ذوات، أولاتُ |
| nasb | ðāta ذاتَ | ðawātī ذواتي | ðawāti, ulāti ذوات، أولات | |
| hafd | ðāti ذاتِ | |||
A certain state
A certain state of names is a form without tanwin. It is used in several cases: after the article ال, after vocative particles, etc. Adjectives agree with nouns in definiteness and indefiniteness.
Conjugate state, idafa
“Idafa” is a special construction in Semitic languages (corresponds to Hebrew smichut). In it, the first word is in the so-called conjugate state. In Arabic (and other Semitic languages that retain cases), the second word is in the genitive case. The words in idafa are in the relation “the subject of the owner.” A word in the conjugated state does not take the article ال, but is considered definite with the help of the subsequent one; the definiteness of the entire construction is calculated using the last word.
Degrees of comparison of “adjectives”
Comparative and superlative forms of the name are formed from a three-letter root according to the formula:
أَفْعَلُ (plural: أَفْعَلُونَ or أَفَاعِلُ) for the masculine gender, فُعْلَى (plural: فُعْلَيَاتُ) for the feminine gender. For example: the root ك،ب،ر, associated with large sizes (for example, كَبُرَ to be large) - أَكْبَرُ the largest - كُبْرَى the largest.
These forms are used in four contexts:
- In the predicate position, in an indefinite state, followed by the preposition مِنْ “from, from”, in the masculine singular form. This form is used in comparison: أَخِى أَصْغَرُ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ “My brother is younger than Muhammad.”
- With the definite article “اَلْ” in the position of definition, fully consistent with the main word: البَيْتُ الأَكْبَرُ “The biggest house.”
- As the first member of the idafa (in singular form, male), where the second member is the name of an indefinite state (consistent in gender and number with the determinant or subject): الْكِتَابُ أَفْضَلُ صَدِيقٍ “The book is the best friend” ُ أَفْضَلُ صَدِيقَةٍ "Zainab is my best friend."
- As the first member of the idafa (either in the singular form of the male form, or agrees in gender and number with the defined or subject), the second member of which is the name of a certain state (does not agree with the defined or subject, usually has a plural form. h.): أَنْتَ أَفْضَلُ اَلنَّاسِ “You are the best of people”, أَنْتُنَّ أَفْضَلُ النَّاسِ or أَنْ تُنَّ فُضْلَيَاتُ النَّاسِ “You (women) are the best of people.”
Numerals
Quantitative
Ordinal
Coordination
In Arabic, the definition is consistent with the defined in definiteness, gender, number, case. At the same time, for “reasonable” names (naming people) in the plural, the definitions have the plural form of the required gender, and for “unreasonable” names (naming animals, inanimate objects) - in the form of the feminine singular.
Derivative models of names
Verbs
The Arabic language has an extensive verbal system, which is based on two forms that go back to the Semitic perfect and imperfect. A three-letter verb has 15 types, of which only 10 are actively used, a four-letter verb has 4 types, of which 2 are widely used. There are several types of “irregular” verbs that have some peculiarity in the root: the coincidence of the 2nd and 3rd th root letters, the presence of weak letters (و or ي) or hamza.
It was noted that human languages (as opposed to software ones) are characterized by egocentricity - attachment to individuals. And at the end there was a visual illustration of how large a volume of text (speech) is occupied by the indication of persons (I, you, he, she, we, you, they, me, us, them, them, etc.).
So, one of the great eases of the Arabic language is that personal pronouns have, in fact, 2 cases: nominative and indirect. In Russian, for example, there are 6 cases, 3 times more.
Declension of personal and possessive pronouns in Russian
Declension of personal and possessive pronouns in Arabic
In Arabic, all these tables are replaced by this one single one. However, in comparison with Russian, there is a complication: the 2nd and 3rd persons are divided by gender. In Russian we say “you” to both men and women. And in Arabic there will be “anta” for a man, and “anti” for a woman.
The formula of gratitude “may Allah reward you with good” will sound for a man: “jazaaKA Llaahu khairan”, and for a woman: “jazaaKI Llaahu khairan”.
With translations included, this table will look like this. Notice how one Arabic word, 1-letter or 2-letter, replaces entire tables in Russian.
So - personal pronouns, one of the most common reasons for straining the mind when composing a foreign speech or its perception, and in the Russian table we find 44 possible options, and in Arabic - 20! These same words also cover all Russian possessive pronouns (my, yours, ours, ...) - 52 additional new words that must be substituted taking into account gender, case and number of objects in question (13 pieces for 1, 2 l. units and plural).
Is it possible to say that Arabic is more than 3 times easier than Russian in terms of declension of personal pronouns? I think no. Because 76 additional options in the Russian language are 76 opportunities for error in each new case of using a pronoun. If there are 10 personal pronouns in the text, then this is 760 additional enumeration options compared to Arabic.
Poor people who did not learn Russian from birth and then had to do it!
In Arabic, personal and possessive pronouns in the indirect (non-nominative) case are written together with the word.
For example: “I ask you” will be: “arjuuKA”. Those. “KA” - “you” was added to the word “I ask”. And also “your book” will be: “kitaabuKA”. And “his book” will be: “kitaabuHU”. “Peace be upon you” will be: “as-salaamu alaykum.” “To you” - “KUM” is attributed after the preposition “for” - “aley”. Etc.