Another non-finite verb form in English is the participle, which comes in two types – Participle I and Participle II. Participles in the English language have many similarities with Russian participles and gerunds, but there are still differences and special specific points. Quite often, many students confuse the first participle and the gerund, but they have a fundamental difference: the gerund has the properties of a noun and can usually be translated through this part of speech, and the participle - an adjective.
In addition to dividing this verb form into two types, it also has differences in time frames, which are also formed in accordance with certain norms. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the features of these forms, identify the functions of the participle in the sentence, as well as the available participial constructions.
Formation and use of active forms of Participle I
In its meaning, Participle 1 coincides with the Russian participle, which is partly similar to an adjective, and is part of various Participial constructions, but has special questions (“what is doing?”, “what is doing?”). However, the fact is that the gerund in English is not expressed in a special way and is also formed through the Present Participle Active.
Active forms of Participle I
It is important to distinguish the involved structures in terms of collateral. So, in English there are only forms of the active participle: Indefinite, or Present Participle I, and Perfect Participle I.
Indefinite Active P I
This standard structure is formed very simply: simply adding the ending –ing to the verb. As already mentioned, this form conveys both participles and gerunds in English. Here are some examples:
· Yesterday, I saw a boy running towards the river - Yesterday I saw a boy running (who ran) towards the river
· He opened the door, thinking about possible consequences – He opened the door, thinking about the possible consequences
In terms of scope of use, the present form of participle 1 in English corresponds to the infinitive and is used when the main part of the sentence occurs in the same temporal plane as the action expressed using Participle. The participle in the first sentence has a direct question “what is he doing?”, and in the second – “what is he doing?”, which corresponds to the gerund in Russian. In addition, as can be seen from the examples, the translation rule allows the use of Participle clauses, that is, through the words “which...”, “which...”, etc. Participial and adverbial phrases in English are formed in the same way.
Note: These phrases have special punctuation and differ from the Russian language. If the first participle refers to a specific word and describes it, then a comma will not be used. And if the turn that includes the present participle introduces additional information, then the punctuation mark will appear:
· He is the man selling the cheapest vegetables in the whole city – He is the same man selling / who sells the cheapest vegetables in the whole city
· She comes to me every day, binging various candies and cakes – She comes to me every day, bringing different sweets
Perfect Active P I
The perfect form of the first participle is formed as follows:
having + V(3; –ed)
The use of this construction is relevant in the case when the situation expressed through the participle precedes the main part of the sentence.
Note: Do not confuse Perfect Participle I and Past Participle, since the second structure is used for completely different purposes.
· Having come home, he went to bed immediately - Having arrived home, he immediately went to bed
· He entered the University without any problems, having studied all the peculiarities of the subjects in advance - He entered the university without any problems, having studied all the peculiarities of the subjects in advance
Note: with verbs of sensory perception (see, hear, smell), as well as with verbs of movement (come, arrive, enter), the Simple form can be used even in cases where the earlier perfection of the action expressed by Participle I is emphasized.
· Seeing her house, he sighed with trusted – Seeing her house, he sighed with relief
· He started to chat with everyone at once, entering the door – Having entered the door, he immediately began to communicate with everyone
Passive forms Participle I
Indefinite Passive P I
The passive present participle differs from the active one in that, like any passive, a third form of the verb appears in it. As you know, the formation of Participle I requires the ending –ing, and therefore the word being appears in the passive form:
being + V(3; –ed)
· This letter being written in ink is very old – This letter, which is written in ink, is very old
· I have never seen this goblet being made of silver – I have never seen this goblet, which is made of silver
Perfect Passive P I
The perfect form of the passive participle is similar to the present one; here the corresponding ending –ing is also necessary, but the construction itself will be somewhat more massive:
having + been + V(3; –ed)
· Having been written a few years ago the book caught his attention – A book that was written a few years ago caught his attention
· Having been found in the 18th century the sword was presented at the exhibition yesterday – The sword, which was found in the 18th century, was presented at the exhibition yesterday
The table below shows the main forms of the participle:
Form Participle II
Participle 2, or Past Participle as it is called, does not have any special forms. This is always one indivisible structure - a verb in the third form, i.e. the one that is located in the last column in the table of irregular verbs. The fact is that participle 2 in English is always characterized by a passive meaning, which is applicable only for transitive verbs - break, send, write, etc.
In Past Participle, translation always carries a perfect action: broken cup - broken cup, translated book - translated book, etc.
· A sent article was too difficult to understand – The sent article was difficult to understand
· Though tired, he came to congratulate me - Although he was tired, he came to congratulate me
The past participle in English is always part of any passive voice. In addition, as already mentioned, it is part of all perfect constructions, including the passive infinitive (be + Past Participle), being the third form of the verb in the last column (Infinitive – Past Simple – Past Participle). This structure has fewer functions in a sentence, but is also quite popular in the language.
Functions of Participle I in a sentence
The present participle in a sentence can play different roles:
1. Definition (attribute)
This is the most common function of this verb form:
This swimming girl is my sister – This swimming girl is my sister
Note: passive Participle I can be a definition, but less common than active; the perfect Participle I cannot play the role of attribute, so in this case it is necessary to use the usual subordinating connection:
The man who lived in bad conditions in his childhood is a respected person today – A man who lived in bad conditions as a child is a respected person today
a) time circumstance:
Coming home, he found everyone sleeping – Arriving home, he saw that everyone was sleeping
b) reasons:
Being an experienced person, he solved that problem immediately – Since he was an experienced person, he immediately solved this problem
c) manner of action and attendant circumstances:
Looking at my hands, she nodded – Looking at my hands, she nodded
d) comparisons:
He didn’t answer as if thinking about anything else - He didn’t answer as if he was thinking about something else
3. Predicative:
The landscape was terrifying – The landscape was terrifying
I heard my son coming into the hall - I heard my son enter the hall
5. Part of a compound verb predicate
All the people were seen crossing the street - It was visible how all the people crossed the street
6. Introductory construction (parenthesis):
Generally speaking, I don’t believe him - Generally speaking, I don’t believe him
Functions of Participle II
The functions of Participle II in the offer are few:
1. Definition (attribute)
Just like the Present Participle, the Past Participle has this function most common:
He will show us his repaired house tomorrow - Tomorrow he will show us his renovated house
2. Circumstance (adverbial modifier):
a) time:
When asked, Mary didn’t listen to anyone – When Mary was asked, she didn’t listen to anyone
b) conditions:
If found, they would be punished - If they were found, they would be punished
c) comparisons:
As if betrayed by everyone, he was walking slowly along the street - As if betrayed by everyone, he slowly walked along the street
d) concessions:
Though astonished, she allowed us to come in – Although she was shocked, she allowed us to enter
3. Predicative:
That old build was partially ruined - That old building was partially destroyed
4. Part of a complex object:
I found her changed much when I saw her - I found that she changed a lot when I saw her yesterday
All these properties of Participle, both the first and the second, must be taken into account and observed, otherwise it will not be possible to achieve success in learning non-finite forms of the verb. Various exercises and tasks for training all temporary forms and functions will help you consolidate your knowledge. If the participle is used correctly, there will be no problems with its use.
Today you will get acquainted with the participle and understand why it can simultaneously impart literary quality, virtuosity, and brevity to the English language. We will compare it with Russian similar forms in terms of application and capabilities. Looking ahead, I will say that there are even more opportunities for participles in English than in Russian, and when you understand this, you will be happy to use them.
A participle in English is (like a gerund and an infinitive) an impersonal form of a verb, that is, it is not conjugated either by persons or by numbers. It can combine the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb
Here are two versions of the same offer:
- I went to the ticket office, which had just opened, and bought a ticket for the train that follows the route Moscow - Novosibirsk
- Approaching the newly opened ticket office, I bought a ticket on the route Moscow - Novosibirsk
Not only was the sentence in the second version shortened by as much as five words, it no longer grated on the ears. And all this thanks to two participles:
- open, next
and one participle:
- approaching
There are formally no gerunds in the English language, but in fact we have to distinguish between them in order to construct sentences correctly. And it is convenient to do this precisely for the questions that we pose in Russian:
- For communion:
- what is he doing(imperfect species)
- what did he do(perfect view)
- To the participle:
- what are you doing(imperfect species)
- what did you do(perfect view)
Let's see how this works in English.
Types of English participles
There are two types of participles in English:
- Participle 1- present participle, which has two forms:
Present Participle Simple - simple participle
Present Participle Perfect - perfect participle - Participle 2 or Participle Past - past participle
Unlike Participle 1, Participle 2 has only the passive voice (the object in the role of the subject cannot itself perform an active action)
We present the rules of formation in affirmative and negative sentences together with examples in the form of a table.
| View | Participle 2Past Participle | ||
| Present Participle Simple | Present Participle Perfect | ||
| Active Voice | IV f. (-ing) | having + III f.(-ed) | --------------- |
| not + IV f. (ing) | not + having + III f.(-ed) | ||
| Drawing- drawing, drawing. I saw the artist drawing the picture. — I saw an artist painting a picture. Drawing, he looked at the model - While drawing, he looked at the model. | having drawn- having drawn Having drawn the picture, he comes out from workroom. — Having painted the picture, he left the workshop. |
||
| Passive Voice | being + III f.(-ed) | having been + III f(ed). | III f. |
| not + III f.(-ed) | not + having been + III f (ed) | not + III f. |
|
| being drawn- drawable, being drawn That picture being drawn is closed now. — The picture that is being drawn (drawn) is closed now. Beingdrawn recently, the picture drew attention. - Since the picture was painted recently (being painted), it attracted attention | havingbeendrawn- being (already) drawn Havingbeendrawn, the picture sent to the exhibition at once. — When the picture was painted (being painted), it was immediately sent to the exhibition. | drawn- drawn The picture drawn by the great Van Gogh, was sold for a lot of money recently. A painting painted by the great Van Gogh was recently sold for a lot of money. |
|
Analogy between English and Russian participles and gerunds
It is clearly visible from this diagram:
- Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action that occurs simultaneously with the main action expressed by the predicate, and answers the questions:
Which,
corresponding to the Russian participle:- drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
- drawable ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,
how, in what way,
- drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
- being drawn ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,
In the passive voice (Passive Voice) Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action experienced by the subject or object
- Participle 1 Perfect is used in both voices to express the action preceding the predicate., and answers various questions about the circumstances of time and reason, for example:
when, in connection with what, under what circumstances etc.,
corresponding to the Russian gerund:- He left the workshop When? — Having drawn ( having drawn) picture
- The painting was sent to the exhibition in connection with which? — Being drawn ( having been drawn).
As you noticed, the literal translation of the English passive participle into Russian looks indigestible, so here is an acceptable option:
- When the picture was painted
- Participle 2 Past is used only in the passive voice to express a past action and basically answers the question:
- what picture- drawn ( drawn)
However, there are times when other questions can be asked:
- Drawn many years ago the picture needed in the restoration. — Since the painting was painted many years ago, it needed restoration.
Why did the painting need restoration? — Since it was drawn many years ago
Participial and participial phrases
The participle in English, associated with other parts of speech, forms a participial and (as an analogy) participial phrase.
We can also judge what kind of turnover we have in front of us by the function of the participle in the sentence.
Most often, attributive phrases are participles, and adverbial phrases are participles, with the exception of Participle 2 Past: there are no analogies with gerunds.
Functions of participle in a sentence
Participles can be:
Semantic verb of tense form:
- Participle 1 - Continuous and Perfect Continuous groups
- Participle 2 - Perfect groups
Definition:
- Participle 1 Simple:
- Active Voice: We saw a plane soaring into the sky. — We saw a plane taking off into the sky.
- Passive Voice: The book being waited in the literary community promises to be interesting. — The book, expected in the literary community, promises to be interesting
- Participle 2 Past
- The lesson learned yesterday went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday benefited the student.
Learned here it may not be part of a phrase, but a separate adjective when it comes before a noun:
- The learned lesson yesterday went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday benefited the student.
- My broken life nobody cares. - No one cares about my broken life
- Participle 1 Perfect never acts as a definition, which cannot be said about the Russian analogue of this perfect English form - the perfect past participle (it is distinguished by the suffix -vsh)
- We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law. — We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law.
Instead of a participle, in the English version there is a subordinate clause
Circumstance of time:
- Participle 1 Simple
- Living in India, he became interested in Roerich’s pictures. — While living in India, he became interested in Roerich’s paintings.
- Being put in the hospital, he waited an operation with fear. — When he was admitted to the hospital, he waited for the operation with fear
- Participle 1 Perfect
- Having passed the final exam, he went to rest. — Having passed the last exam, he went on vacation.
- Having been grown, flowers decorated our garden. — When the flowers grew, they decorated our garden
- Participle 2 Past
- When written, the article was published. — When the article was written, it was published
The use of the participle made it possible to shorten the longer version:
- When the article was written it was published
Circumstance of the reason
- Participle 1 Simple
- Wishing to meet, we agreed on tomorrow. — Wanting to meet, we agreed on tomorrow.
- Being scared, he ran out of the building. — Being frightened (scared), he ran out of the building
- Participle 1 Perfect
- No given back the book, he lost my trust. “By not returning the book, he lost my trust.”
- No having been eaten long time, dogs looked awful. Since the dogs had not been fed for a long time, they looked terrible.
- Participle 2 Past.
- Built to my project, house was especially dear to me. — Built according to my design, the house was especially dear to me
Nominal part of the predicate.
Hello friends. The participle refers to the impersonal forms of the verb and has the characteristics of both an adjective (sometimes an adverb) and a verb. The verb characteristics of a participle are its ability to have a direct object, be determined by an adverb, and have forms of tense and voice. But the time expressed by the participle is relative in nature, i.e. it correlates with the action of the verb-predicate of the sentence and expresses either simultaneity or precedence of this action.
There are two types of participle in English:
- The first is the group Participle I - present participle;
- The second is Participle II - past participle.
Education
Present participle – Participle I
To form this, you must add to the stem of the verb without a particle to ending - ing. If negation is required, then the particle not is placed before the sacrament.
- walking
- knowing
- smiling etc.
This participle in English has the following forms:
- Indefinite Active(indefinite in active voice): asking– questioner, asking (in general)
- Indefinite Passive(indefinite in passive voice): being asked– asked, being asked (in general)
- Perfect Active(committed in the active voice): having asked– having asked (shi) (already)
- Perfect Passive(perfect in the passive voice): having been asked– (already) been asked
The present participle can perform several functions in a sentence and be:
Definition(like the Russian participle), which comes before or after a noun.
- I saw her smiling face in the window. “I saw her smiling face in the window.
Circumstance(mode of action, cause, time).
- Knowing English perfectly he was able to watch genuine foreign movies. – Knowing English perfectly, he could watch original foreign films.
- Traveling around the world, he visited as many countries as he could. – Traveling around the world, he visited as many countries as possible.
- Whistling he closed the door. “Whistling, he closed the door.
Past participle – Participle II
Participle II or past participle has only one form, namely the Past Participle Simple form. Participle 2 is used in English only in the passive voice. It cannot even be formed in the active voice. The passive voice has two forms of formation:
- Use the –ed ending for regular verbs. Table with examples:
| Infinitive / Initial form of the verb | Participle II / Past participle |
| close (close) | closed |
| play (play) | played |
| produce (produce) | produced |
| motivate (to motivate) | motivated |
- Irregular verbs have their own special form. Examples:
These past participles are translated into Russian by the passive participles of the imperfect and perfect forms.
Role in sentence
Definitions
- Broken leg - broken leg
- Lost time - lost time
Circumstances(often with preceding conjunctions when, if, unless)
- When asked important questions, he frowned and answered silly things. “When they asked him important questions, he frowned and said some nonsense.
Gerund and participle in English
Both the gerund and the first participle are impersonal forms of the verb and are formed with -ing. How to identify them in speech? The answer is simple! According to the meaning and structure of the sentence.
A gerund combines the characteristics of a verb and a noun, and a participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. Accordingly, the “behavior” of the first is substantive in nature, and the second is descriptive. More details in examples:
- Drinking much alcohol is harmful. (Drinking a lot of alcoholic beverages is harmful.) GERUND - The boy drinking juice is my classmate. (The boy who drinks the juice is my classmate.) PARTICIPLE
- I prefer reading a book to watching TV. (I prefer reading books to watching TV.) GERUND - Reading a book his mother was making notes. (While reading the book, his mother took notes.) PARTICIPLE
- He was arrested for having robbed the house. (He was arrested for robbing a house.) GERUND - Having robbed the house he decided to hide deep in the forest. (Having robbed a house, he decided to hide in the thicket of the forest.) PARTICIPLE
Thus, the gerund has pronounced characteristics of a noun and can be used with prepositions. The participle, on the contrary, has the properties of a verb and can be supplemented with adverbs.
To summarize, we want to emphasize the main differences between the first and second participles. Firstly, Participle 1 refers to the active action (voice), while Participle 2 refers to the passive. Secondly, in meaning, Participle 1 gives a qualitative characteristic of the object, and Participle 2 indicates the object’s exposure to influence.
Participles: Participle 1 Participle 2
While studying the grammatical rules of the English language, you will certainly come across such a question as parts of speech. One of them is communion. This article is devoted to its varieties, methods of formation and functions.
Definition
A participle in English is a form of a verb (non-finite), which has equally the characteristics of a verb, an adjective and an adverb. In total, there are two types: the first participle (or present tense) and the second participle (past tense).
First Communion
Present Participle is a participle in English, also called first. Although it grammatically refers to the present tense, it can nevertheless express different relationships, depending on the context and tense form in which the semantic verb appears.
The first participle is divided into two types: simple (Simple) and perfect (Perfect). In the first case, there is a similarity with the Russian imperfective participle: doing - doing, resting - resting. In the second case, the form of the verb can be called an analogue of the Russian perfect participle: having written - having written, having finished - having finished.
The Present Participle Simple is formed by combining the infinitive of a verb with the ending -ing.
- go - going;
- write - writing (the final “e” is removed);
- sit - sitting (in some cases the last vowel is doubled);
- lie - lying (“i” changes to “y”, and the final letter “e” is also removed).
The Present Participle Perfect is formed as follows: the infinitive of the verb have with the ending -ing + 3rd form of the verb. For example: having written, having gone, having decided, etc.
Use of the first participle
What is this part of speech needed for? Present Participle Simple is used in many cases.
1. Characteristics of the action, simultaneous with the main one.
Walking along the beach, I see birds. - Walking along the beach, I see birds.
2. Characteristics of the subject.
The man standing there is my father. - The man standing there is my father.
3. An expression of an action that occurred immediately before another.
Finishing the work, they left quickly. - Having completed their work, they quickly left.
Somewhat less often you can find the use of Present Participle Perfect. It expresses an action that precedes the main one.
Having decided what to do, she dialed the number. - Deciding what to do, she dialed the number.
Differences between participle 1 and gerund
Outwardly, these two parts of speech look exactly the same: the stem of the verb with the ending -ing. However, in meaning and role in a sentence, they differ significantly from each other.
The peculiarity of the gerund is that it can almost always be translated into Russian as a verbal noun or infinitive. This won't work with first communion.
A reading boy seemed not to notice anything. - The reading boy didn’t seem to notice anything.
If you carefully read both sentences, you might notice that in the first case the gerund reading occupies an independent position, and in the second case the participle reading refers to the noun boy.
Let's not forget about the perfect form of the first participle. The Present Participle Perfect appears in the following example:
Having made a decision we began to work. (Having made a decision, we began to work).
In turn, the gerund can be found in this sentence:
Having made a decision is the first step to new life. (Making a decision is the first step to a new life).
We figured out what the first participle is and how it differs from a gerund. Now let's see how the 1st and 2nd participles differ in English.
Second Communion
This type of English participle is also called Past Participle. If we compare it with the Russian language, then the analogue is the passive participle. This is how it is usually translated: eaten - eaten, destroyed - destroyed, etc.
Participle 1 in the active voice (Present Participle Active) is used when the associated noun or pronoun denotes the subject of the action (that is, it itself performs it):
Singing she entered the room. (Humming, she entered the room.)
Participle 1 in the passive voice (Present Participle Passive) is used when the associated noun or pronoun expresses the object of the action (that is, experiences the action on itself):
Being tired he refused to join us. (Being tired, he refused to join us).
Participle 2, due to its specificity, exists only in the passive voice. These are the main features of the participle in English. The table below demonstrates the features of the formation, use and translation of these forms.
What role does the participle play in a sentence?
The functions of participles in English are quite varied. They are determined by type (1 or 2) and voice (active or passive). Depending on these factors, the participle can play the role of a modifier, adverbial or predicate (in an impersonal sentence). Also, this part of speech is often used with prepositions or conjunctions.
It is not easy to describe in a nutshell the possibilities of participles in English. The table below will help you understand this with specific examples.
Pledge | Participle type | Function in a sentence | Example |
Valid Passive | Present Participle | definition | The shining sun kept the travelers warm. - The shining sun warmed the travelers. |
circumstance circumstance definition | She looked at him as trying to recall. “She looked at him as if trying to remember. Being warned of the storm, we stayed home. - Warned about the thunderstorm, we stayed at home. They arrived, being followed by their wives. - They arrived accompanied by their wives. |
||
Passive | Past Participle | definition | Where are letters received today? - Where are the letters received today? |
circumstance | Shocked by the news, she fainted. - Shocked by the news, she fainted. |
||
predicate (predicate) | When I entered the room, the window was broken. - When I entered the room, the window was broken. |
||
How to learn?
Of course, it won’t be easy to immediately remember all the varieties of participles in English. Grammar exercises will help you master this topic. As a change, it will be useful to work with multimedia materials: songs and videos with English subtitles. For example, you can do this:
1. Listen to the song, looking at its English lyrics.
2. Find all participles in the text, determine their type, from which verb they are formed, and translate.
3. Then translate the entire song yourself.
4. Find a professional translation and test yourself.
5. Sing the song several times.
At the listening stage (holding the text before your eyes), you will learn to distinguish English participles visually and auditorily. Searching for and detailed analysis of language units found in the text will help you apply your theoretical knowledge in practice and develop awareness. Translation will become an auxiliary tool, and at the same time it will help refresh or expand your vocabulary. Singing is an important step that should not be skipped. It will help consolidate what you have learned in speech, as well as provide psychological relief.
Practical work with participles (written exercises, watching films and listening to music, translating text fragments) helps to remember this part of speech well, so that you can then understand it when perceiving information or use it yourself when speaking English.
In English the participle ( Participle). It combines the characteristics of , and . In English there is no such part of speech as a gerund. Therefore, the English participle corresponds to both the participle and the gerund in the Russian language. There are only two participles in English: the present participle ( Participle I / Present Participle) and past participle ( Participle II / Past Participle). Let's talk about each of them separately.
Present participle – Participle I
To form this participle in English, must be added to the base of the verb without a particle to ending - ing. If negation is required, then the particle not is placed before the sacrament.
- walking
- knowing
- smiling etc.
This participle in English has the following forms:
- Indefinite Active(indefinite in active voice): asking– questioner, asking (in general)
- Indefinite Passive(indefinite in passive voice): being asked– asked, being asked (in general)
- Perfect Active(committed in the active voice): having asked– having asked (shi) (already)
- Perfect Passive(perfect in the passive voice): having been asked– (already) been asked
Intransitive verbs have no forms. This participle in English denotes an unfinished process and in Russian corresponds to the present participle and the imperfective participle (we are talking about the forms Indefinite). If we are talking about forms Perfect, then the English participle will correspond to the Russian perfect participle. Communion group Indefinite, both active and passive voice, means that the action expressed by it occurs simultaneously (in the present, past or future tenses) with the action expressed by the semantic predicate verb. Communion group Perfect, both active and passive voice, means that the action expressed by it precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb. Antecedence can also refer to action in the present, past or future tense.
The present participle in English can perform several functions in a sentence and be:
- (like the Russian participle), which comes before or after a noun.
I saw her smiling face in the window. “I saw her smiling face in the window.
- (mode of action, cause, time).
Knowing English perfectly he was able to watch genuine foreign movies. – Knowing English perfectly, he could watch original foreign films.
Traveling around the world, he visited as many countries as he could. – Traveling around the world, he visited as many countries as possible.
Whistling he closed the door. “Whistling, he closed the door.
Past participle – Participle II
To form this participle in English from regular verbs, you need to add the ending to the infinitive of the verb without the particle to - ed. Irregular verbs have a special participle form II. It is listed in and is in the third column.
Faded - withered (flower), bought - purchased
This participle reflects a completed process, and we translate it into Russian as a passive participle of the perfect or imperfect form. Basically, this participle in English represents an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb.
The past participle in English can perform the following functions in a sentence:
- Definitions
Broken leg - broken leg
Lost time - lost time
- Circumstances (often with previous alliances when, if, unless)
When asked important questions, he frowned and answered silly things. “When they asked him important questions, he frowned and said some nonsense.
From the wording of the definition of participle in English (and Participle I, And Participle II) it follows that it combines the properties of an adjective, adverb and verb. Like an adjective, it can be a modifier of a noun in a sentence (analogue is the Russian participle). Examples have been given above. As an adverb, it can be an adverbial adverb in a sentence, as in the examples presented (the analogue is the Russian gerund). And as a verb, it can have a direct form and be defined by an adverb.
Entering the hotel, he noticed the new receptionist. – Entering the hotel, he noticed a new administrator.
Seriously injured he continued running. “Seriously wounded, he continued to run.
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