The attitude of modern youth to civil marriage. Civil marriage through the eyes of students Attitudes towards marriage

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higher professional education

Siberian State Aerospace University

named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev

Department of History and Humanities

Sociology test

The attitude of modern youth to family and marriage

Completed: student gr. IEZU-01

Shnitova Yu. V.

Checked: Gavrin D.A.

Krasnoyarsk, 2012

Introduction

The topic “Students' attitudes towards marriage” was not chosen by chance. Considering the course that the state has chosen to solve demographic problems, increase the birth rate, and public health, studying the attitude of young people to marriage and family is of great interest.

The attitude to love of each generation reflects the features of the time and psychology of people, bears the imprint of living conditions and moral and aesthetic principles that have developed in a given society. According to experts, the fragility of modern marriages is largely determined by the fact that young people do not develop true respect for the institution of family. In addition, the common problem of young people is ignorance in matters of marriage, and the common mistake is that, when creating a family, they rely only on the strength of feelings.

The stability of marital and family relations depends on the readiness of young people for family life, where readiness for marriage is understood as a system of socio-psychological attitudes of the individual that determines an emotionally positive attitude towards the family lifestyle.

The most important social function of the modern family is the education of the future family man, that is, the preparation of the younger generation for marriage and family relations. This is due to increasing negative processes: the degradation of the family way of life, the spread of alternative forms of marriage and family relations, the decline in family prestige, the need to have children, the increase in divorces and intra-family violence. The position of youth in society, trends and prospects for its development are of great interest and practical importance for society, primarily because they determine its future. Here, a significant place is occupied by the attitude of young people to marriage and family as the main unit of society.

In most parts of the world, the average age of marriage is rising, and fewer marriages are now occurring during adolescence worldwide than a decade ago.

Significant changes are currently taking place in family relationships. There is considerable variation in family patterns and there is no evidence that a single pattern of family relationships is emerging. In many countries, a new type of relationship is becoming increasingly widespread - unregistered marriage. However, a registered marriage is considered ideal, during which the spouses jointly decide on the number of children.

However, research into the value orientations of young people shows that family remains the main value for young people.

Young people look for support and support in the family of their parents in the process of socialization, and they are ready to build their future family on the basis of humanistic and moral principles, but at the same time they experience a huge lack of psychological knowledge and skills.

Family as a social institution of society

1.1 The concepts of “family”, “marriage”, “civil marriage” and marital relations

Identifying the substantive side of the attitude of modern youth to family life involves, first of all, turning to the analysis of such basic concepts as “family”, “marriage”, “family functions”, as well as consideration of the phenomenon of “civil marriage”.

There are many approaches to interpreting the term “family”. So, in the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” S.I. Ozhegov, the word “family” means “an association of persons related by family or marriage” 1. The Philosophical Dictionary defines “family” as “a type of social community, the most important form of organization of personal life, based on marital union and family ties, that is, on numerous relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and leading a common household.” A.G. In his research, Kharchev considers the family as “a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, the members of which are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance” 2 .

In recent years, the family is increasingly called a specific small socio-psychological group, thereby emphasizing that it is characterized by a special system of interpersonal relationships, which are governed to a greater or lesser extent by laws, moral norms, and traditions. Foreign researchers recognize the family as a social institution only if it is characterized by three main types of family relationships: marriage, parenthood and kinship; in the absence of one of the indicators, the concept of “family group” is used.

“The family is the most important form of organization of personal life, a type of social community, a small group based on a marital union, kinship or adoption, i.e. on multilateral relationships between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers, sisters, other relatives living together and leading a common household. The family as a social group cannot be understood based on knowledge of its members taken individually. The family is an open, constantly developing system with significant adaptive capabilities. Changes in one element of the system, for example in the relationship between spouses, affect the entire family. Individual dysfunctions of family members are a reflection of systemic disorders” 3.

“Marriage and family are two of the most important concepts in our lives, the definitions of which are very, very many. Depending on the culture of a particular place, these concepts may vary, but one thing is clear - family and marriage in their main meaning imply close relationships, in most cases the ultimate goal of which is the birth of a child” 4 . Why in its main meaning? Because spouses can also not live with each other, and, nevertheless, be married, or a family can exist, even if one of the spouses has to leave for a long time for work. Marriage, throughout the history of its existence, has gone through certain stages of development - from polygamy to monogamy. The word “marriage” itself in Russian comes from the verb “to take.” But with all the diversity of relationships between people, marriage unions can be easily classified (Diagram 1.1).

Diagram 1.1 Typology of marriage

The family created in marriage itself strengthens the institution of marriage, along with the mores that regulate property relations. Other potential factors for the stability of a marriage include dignity, vanity, chivalry, duty, and religious beliefs. However, while marriages may or may not be divinely approved, they are hardly made in heaven. The human family is a distinctly human institution, an evolutionary development. Marriage is a social, not a church institution. Of course, religion should have a tangible influence on marriage, but it should not try to subject it to its exclusive management and control. Family relationships and marriage have always been an important moment in people's lives.

1.2 Readiness of young people for family life

The need to solve the problem of preparing young people for marriage and family relations is due to the historical situation itself, which developed at the beginning of the third millennium and is characterized by an awareness of a new system of values, a new strategy and tactics of human behavior, and, consequently, new approaches to its education. The following trends in the development of society seem to us to be the most important.

Firstly, the modern stage of social life is accompanied by increased demands from the social environment for the flexibility of human thinking and behavior, for independence and responsibility for one’s own fate and the fate of other people, for the meaningfulness of life’s journey, understanding and resolving the contradictions of modern human existence in its various spheres, including marriage and family.

Secondly, in the current conditions, a family experiencing material and spiritual-psychological difficulties cannot always guarantee the full performance of its functions, which is a necessary condition for maintaining the continuity of generations, the development of the individual and society as a whole, social stability and progress, and therefore education should support the individual during the period of conscious and responsible search for life ideals. It is necessary to consider the modern educational process at a university as an interaction between a student and a teacher, aimed at achieving a specific goal and leading to a positive transformation of the student’s properties and qualities, intended by the teacher and accepted by the student.

Thirdly, there is the question of changing attitudes towards the family, namely, the need to consider the family as an intrinsic value. At the same time, the moral and ethical qualities of partners, the problem of marital satisfaction, and the requirements of spouses for each other come to the fore. The success of marriage and family stability primarily depend on the personal readiness of individuals entering into marriage, their ability for self-development and self-improvement.

Compatibility of young people getting married is an important condition for creating a stable and prosperous family 5 .

Among the factors that determine the stability of young families, the readiness of young people for marriage also stands out. This is a system of social and psychological attitudes of the individual, which determines the emotional and psychological attitude to the lifestyle and values of marriage. Readiness for marriage is an integral category that includes a whole range of aspects:

1) Formation of a certain moral complex - the readiness of the individual to accept a new system of responsibilities in relation to his marriage partner and future children. The formation of this aspect will be related to the distribution of roles between spouses.

2) Preparedness for interpersonal communication and cooperation. The family is a small group; its normal functioning requires consistency in the rhythms of the spouses’ lives.

3) The ability to be selfless towards a partner. The ability for such a feeling includes the ability for corresponding activity, based primarily on the qualities and properties of altruism of a loving person.

4) The presence of qualities associated with penetration into the inner world of a person - an empathy complex. The importance of this aspect is due to the fact that marriage becomes more psychological in nature due to the sophistication of a person as an individual. In this regard, the role of the psychotherapeutic function of marriage increases, the successful implementation of which is facilitated by the development of the ability to empathize and understand the emotional world of the partner.

5) High aesthetic culture of personal feelings and behavior.

6) The ability to resolve conflicts in a constructive way, the ability to self-regulate one’s own psyche and behavior. E.S. Kalmykova believes that the ability to constructively resolve interpersonal conflicts and use them to develop interpersonal relationships between spouses plays a decisive role in the process of mutual adaptation of newlyweds.

Numerous studies by sociologists, psychologists, and teachers indicate that a stable family can be created with a certain readiness of young people for family life. A.N. Sizanov argues that the concept of “readiness for family life” includes socio-moral, motivational, psychological and pedagogical readiness, as well as sexual readiness” 6.

Social and moral readiness for family life presupposes civic maturity (compulsory secondary education, profession, level of moral consciousness, age), economic independence, and health. The developed moral consciousness of boys and girls is one of the important conditions for readiness to start a family. It is manifested in young people’s understanding of the social significance of the family, in a serious attitude towards marriage, in choosing a life partner, in a sense of responsibility for the family they are creating, in deep respect for the future spouse, representatives of the older generation and other family members, in sensitivity and tact in communicating with them. Developed moral consciousness presupposes the presence of a minimum of legal knowledge about the family, familiarity with the basics of family law, namely: the rights and obligations of spouses, parents, children, legal norms governing relations in marriage and family. You can start a family at the age of 18, but the most favorable age for marriage from a medical point of view is 20-22 years for a woman, and 23-28 years for a man, because... The male body reaches full maturity later than the female. This age is favorable for the birth of healthy children. By this time, many young people have acquired a profession, and a certain economic independence appears. From a demographic point of view, it is important to increase the time for having several children, since after 30 years, not every woman will dare to give birth to a second or third child.

“Psychological readiness to start a family presupposes the presence of communication skills with people, unity or similarity of views on life in general and family life in particular, the ability to create a moral and psychological climate in the family, stability of character and feelings, and developed volitional qualities of the individual” 7 . The culture of communication develops throughout the entire life of young people before marriage. Many boys and girls certainly master it and know that it is the ability to listen to each other, delve into the content of the conversation, and organize meaningful leisure time. The rules of communication require a careful, respectful attitude towards a girl or woman. It is believed that if a person under the age of 16 has not learned the basic rules of behavior in society, then he will have a difficult time in his relationship with his loved one. Unity as the similarity of views on the world and family life is the psychological foundation of the family. The psychological climate of the family is built on it, the psychological compatibility of the spouses is formed. The disunity of these views is often the cause of divorce. The stability of the character and feelings of young people is also important. An objective assessment of one’s character, understanding of the character traits of the future spouse, and emotional restraint largely contribute to the creation of a favorable psychological climate. Tolerance and fairness are especially important in assessing the actions of family members. It is also important to feel the state of the other person and anticipate his emotional reaction. Of course, character traits at the time of marriage are an important, but far from decisive factor in the stability of the family. The fact is that in the course of family life, adaptation occurs (with mutual desire, of course) of spouses to each other, their mastery of marital and parental roles. The possibility of such adaptation is provided by the plasticity and flexibility of the human nervous system and psyche. A person can compensate for the insufficient development of his own character traits by the intensive development of others; for example, an indecisive person most often develops intensive attachment to people. Family life requires a person to have developed strong-willed qualities: the ability to manage oneself, determination, independence, determination, perseverance, endurance and self-control, self-discipline. Developed volitional qualities are the result of a person’s self-education. They manifest themselves in vitality, endurance, and, if necessary, courage.

Considering the readiness of young people for family life as the goal of upbringing and one of the goals of education, it is advisable to single out from the diverse functions of a family man those that are of the most general nature, inherent in every family, and determine the stability and success of the family. When building a model of young people’s readiness for family life, one must proceed from the fact that this readiness is not a set of mental functions, but an integral system of personality traits. The educational process is designed to form a holistic personality, and readiness for family life is the result of the action of diverse factors of its development. The very role of a family man or family activity acts as a function of a holistic personality, the success of which depends on the readiness to perform other functions: labor, moral, collectivist, intellectual, cognitive, etc. The versatility of a family man’s responsibilities determines the inclusion of multi-level personality characteristics in readiness: from elementary practical and applied knowledge and skills to the core qualities of the individual, such as her attitude towards the family as a social and personal value, value orientations that regulate the fulfillment of the role of a family man, family and marital needs, motives for family behavior, etc.

Numerous studies by sociologists, psychologists, and teachers indicate that a stable family can be created with a certain readiness of young people for family life. The concept of “readiness for family life” includes socio-moral, motivational, psychological and pedagogical readiness. A stable, prosperous family can function only with certain preparation of young people for joint family life. Young marriages are characterized by the initial entry into each other’s world, the distribution of labor and responsibilities in the family, the solution of housing, financial and problems related to the general household and everyday life, the entry into the roles of husband and wife, the further formation of personality, the process of acquiring life experience, growing up and maturing. This period of married life is the most difficult and dangerous from the point of view of family stability.

2. The attitude of modern youth towards family and marriage

Issues of marriage and starting a family are always relevant among young people. Family is one of the most important values of human life. However, in modern times, the value attitude towards family and marriage is changing, especially among young people.

2.1 Value orientations in the field of family and marriage relations

Currently, one of the main places in sociological and demographic research is occupied by the problem of family value, since it is the main agent of socialization of the younger generation, forming the primary value orientations and attitudes of young people, giving a sense of unity, security, and providing emotional and material support to family members.

“Value is what people’s feelings dictate to recognize as superior to everything and to which they can strive, contemplate and treat with respect, recognition, reverence” 8. In fact, value is not a property of any thing, but an essence, a condition for the full existence of an object.

The family is a priority value of any modern state interested in preserving its population, strengthening its international status and all sociocultural institutions. The situation of the family, the trends characterizing its condition, are indicators of affairs in the country and its prospects for the future. The study of the ideas of modern youth about their future family is most relevant due to the fact that it is young people who turn out to be the most sensitive and receptive to the ongoing social changes in the state.

Adolescence is a period of life and professional self-determination of an individual. This period of a person’s life is characterized by the active formation of personality, the emergence and development of significant psychological new formations involved in all manifestations of cognitive and emotional attitudes towards the world - in assessing reality and the people around them, in predicting one’s social activity, in planning the future and self-realization, in the formation own ideas about the world and about oneself.

Family values of young people develop into a certain system, which has three main directions:

Social-structural orientations and plans;

Plans and orientations towards a certain way of life in the family;

Human activity and communication in the sphere of various social institutions, including the family.

They are an essential component of the personality structure. Along with other socio-psychological formations, they perform the functions of regulators of behavior and manifest themselves in all areas of human activity.

In general, family remains a significant value for modern Russian youth. Conscious loneliness and familyless life are not welcomed by the majority of the young Russian population. The majority of young Russians traditionally consider children and the emotional and spiritual closeness of marriage partners to be the main values of family life.

“The family and marital values of an individual, connecting her inner world with the surrounding reality, form a complex multi-level hierarchical system, occupying a borderline position between the motivational-need sphere and the system of personal meanings” 9. Accordingly, a person’s value orientations perform dual functions. On the one hand, the system of value orientations acts as the highest control body for the regulation of all motivators of human activity, determining acceptable ways of their implementation, on the other hand, as an internal source of a person’s life goals, expressing, accordingly, what is most important for him and has personal meaning . The system of value orientations is thus the most important psychological organ of self-development and personal growth, simultaneously determining its direction and methods of its implementation. According to their functional significance, an individual’s family values can be divided into two main groups: terminal and instrumental, acting, respectively, as personal goals and means of achieving them. Depending on the focus on personal development or the preservation of homeostasis, values can be divided into higher (development values) and regressive (preservation values). At the same time, terminal and instrumental, higher and regressive, internal and external in origin, values can correspond to different levels or stages of personal development.

Thus, value orientations are special psychological formations that always represent a hierarchical system and exist in the structure of the personality only as its elements. It is impossible to imagine a person’s orientation towards a particular value as some kind of isolated formation that does not take into account its priority, subjective importance relative to other values, that is, not included in the system. The regulatory function of a person’s value orientations covers all levels of the system of incentives for human activity.

The overwhelming majority of boys and girls believe that a marriage partner should have equal educational status, and only a small part of girls are ready for a marriage partner to be more educated than themselves. But the majority believe that this does not matter, as long as there is a worthy and interesting person. Young people have approximately the same ideas regarding the equality of partners at the cultural level.

As for material status, young people demonstrate rather traditional, stereotypical views: men see themselves, first of all, as breadwinners, responsible for the material well-being of the family, and girls as homemakers.

Two-thirds of girls believe that their future marriage partner should be better off than themselves, while others believe that they should be equal in material status. Young men's opinions on this issue are more differentiated. Most of them believe that the material level of partners does not matter for marriage and family relations or that it should be equal.

When choosing forms of marriage and family relations, more than half of boys and girls choose registered marriage, a third prefer unregistered cohabitation - civil marriage, and only a small part prefer to live alone. Girls also indicate other options for developing relationships with a partner: initially living in a civil marriage with subsequent registration of the relationship. Young men also believe that the choice of the form of marriage and family relations depends on life circumstances. From the point of view of boys and girls, civil marriage guarantees greater freedom of relationships, fewer obligations and responsibilities, makes it possible to separate without unnecessary problems and at the same time provides an opportunity to get to know each other better.

Most girls and boys see the advantages of a legal, legally registered marriage in greater confidence, stability, reliability, responsibility for each other, a sense of peace, constancy, and the opportunity to have children.

Of great interest are the opinions of young Russians about the parental family, its main values and material wealth. Their totality makes it possible to predict with sufficient certainty the future family and marital behavior of young people. According to research, 28% of boys and girls consider their parental family a model for themselves. At the same time, a significant number of respondents indicate that they would not like their families to be like their parents’. This is not surprising, since modern youth live in completely different conditions and a significant part of parental values ceases to be relevant for them. It is typical that girls are the most radical, while boys have more traditional views on family and its value.

Thus, the family represents an important life value for modern youth. Young people's ideas about the family are variable and are more related to the psychological aspects of marriage and family relations than to its social and everyday orientation.

In modern conditions of total social changes, social progress and democratization of gender relations, the psychological and pedagogical problem of the formation and development in adolescence of a value-orientation system of an individual’s ideas about the family becomes relevant, since it is this period of personal development that is characterized by the need to comprehend the social and intimate experience gained, knowledge acquired in the process of interaction with the outside world.

The influence of parents on the attitude of young people towards family

The family plays a huge role in raising a future family man. The family is the primary institution for the socialization of the younger generation, the transfer of experience of family life; its educational impact on a child is difficult to overestimate. For a child and his moral and mental development, the family acts as the social environment of his immediate environment. In the family, the child receives initial knowledge about the world, here his character, needs, interests, moral ideals and beliefs, the foundations of humanistic and altruistic feelings are formed, in it he learns moral values, social norms, forms his attitude and attitude towards other people. The direct experience of the parental family largely determines the process of personal self-determination, established attitudes and value orientations in the sphere of family life.

The behavior of parents, their life together, marital relations in the parental family create children’s idea of family and marriage and have a significant impact on the formation of children’s attitudes towards gender issues and their attitude towards the opposite sex.

“Raising a future family man largely depends on the lifestyle and behavior of the parents. The nature of upbringing in the parental family largely determines the appearance of the future family and children. At the same time, the structure of the family, material and living conditions, personal qualities of parents, the nature of relationships in the family, and the spiritual and moral interests of its members are of great importance for the formation of the qualities of a family man. The internal atmosphere of the family is of particular importance" 10
etc.................

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on the topic: Civil marriage through the eyes of students

Completed:

2nd year student

Alexandrov V.O.

Once upon a time, the term “civil marriage” meant family relationships that were not sanctified by the sacrament of wedding. Today, the definition has extended to family unions that are not recognized not only by the church, but also by the state. In such families, husband and wife are bound exclusively by love and an oral agreement. The topic I have chosen is relevant, since nowadays, especially among students, unregistered unions are quite common. If previously civil marriages were considered something immoral and immoral, today many people are in no hurry to register their relationship in the registry office, preferring to just live at first, without burdening themselves with a stamp in their passport. Society's attitude towards civil marriages is becoming more and more loyal, so this form of relationship has become widespread. However, disputes over civil marriages still do not subside, and attitudes towards them are far from unambiguous. After conducting a survey among young people, I will try to find out what they think about this.

According to the results of the All-Russian Population Census, up to 30% of children are born today in unregistered marriages. More than 3 million families live in “civil marriage” in Russia.

Not long ago the All-Russian population census took place. But discrepancies emerged in the “Marital status” column between men and women. It turned out that there are several million more married women than married men. Moreover, 92% of women in civil marriages consider themselves married, and 85% of men in civil marriages consider themselves single!

The new Family Code of Ukraine, which came into force on January 1, 2004, introduced a number of new concepts - engagement, marriage contract, civil marriage. The new Family Code recognizes “civil marriage” as one of the forms of family organization in which common joint property arises and children born in such a marriage have the same rights as those born in a registered one. If other states follow this example, the line between a “civil marriage” and a registered one will practically disappear.

Problem situation

There are both positive and negative aspects to a civil marriage. One of the problems of an unregistered marriage is that if it breaks up or the death of one of the spouses, legal difficulties arise when resolving issues of inheritance or division of property, since cohabitants do not have legal rights to joint property. For example, if a common-law wife did not work but ran a household, after separating from her “husband” she could easily end up on the street. What you came with is what you left with - the motto of a civil marriage. Moreover, men, as a rule, do not suffer in such “divorces.” They are the ones who earn money; joint property, housing, etc. are registered on them. No wonder they advocate so much for freedom from cliches! The woman remains out of work. What if a common-law couple had children together? This issue will also be difficult to resolve.

Even such existing facts do not make the two “halves” think about their future. As sociologists note, the number of families choosing not to register their marriage tends to increase.

Purpose of the study

To find out the opinion of students of the Russian State Trade and Economic University about civil marriage as an acceptable union between a man and a woman.

Research objectives

Find out what young people understand by the term “civil marriage”;

Find out how students feel about civil marriage and whether they consider this form of relationship acceptable for themselves;

Determine the distinctive features of civil marriage, according to students;

Find out what may be the reasons for not registering a marriage;

Identify the disadvantages of civil marriage;

Determine when, in the students’ opinion, a civil marriage should give way to a legal one.

Object of study

Civil marriage is an acceptable union between a man and a woman. civil marriage student

Subject of study

Attitude of students of the Russian State Trade and Economic University to civil marriage.

Logical analysis of concepts

Civil marriage is a relationship where two people live together, an actual marriage that is not formalized in the manner prescribed by law.

Research hypotheses

Students decipher the term “civil marriage” as a family relationship not recognized by the church and state;

Students have a generally positive attitude towards civil marriage and consider this form of relationship acceptable for themselves;

Students believe that in a civil marriage: the budget must be shared, the birth of a child is impossible, the main thing is to check household compatibility and you can learn to respect the space of someone else’s life.

Financial difficulties are the reason why young people do not register marriage;

Suppose that 50% of the students surveyed believe that civil marriage has no disadvantages, 25% - that people in civil marriages do not have a sense of the seriousness of the relationship, and the remaining 25% - that there is no feeling of the inviolability of their position.

Let's assume that 60% of respondents believe that a civil marriage should give way to a legal one when the partners are convinced of the strength of the union, 30% - when they decide to have a child, and 10% - when their financial situation allows.

Method of collecting information: survey in the form of a questionnaire.

Place, time of the study, name of the instrument: Moscow - Russian State University of Trade and Economics, December 2005, questionnaire.

Characteristics of the tools:

Questionnaire type: handout

The questionnaire includes:

Questions in the form:

Closed No. 1, No. 3-19

Open No. 2

Half open --

Trap questions: No. 8, No. 19

Filter questions: --

Sample size: 26 respondents (13 boys and 13 girls)

Selection unit: RGTEU student aged 18 to 20 years

Unit of observation: 2nd year student of RGBiT

Geography of the survey: Moscow

Sampling type: targeted (quota).

Information processing method: manual

Instructions for filling out the form:

1. Read the question and answer options carefully.

2. Circle the answer option that is closest to your opinion. Attention! There is only one possible answer to the question.

Thank you in advance for your participation!

1. Your gender:

2. Your age:

3. Which of the concepts of “civil marriage” do you consider correct?

family relationships not covered by the sacrament of wedding

family relationships not recognized by church and state

4. Do you consider civil marriage an acceptable form of relationship for you?

5. Have you ever happened to live together with a man (woman) close to you, maintain intimate relationships, run a common household, without entering into an official marriage?

6. Do you consider a union to be a civil marriage if the couple lives in the same territory and runs a common household...

from the first day

6 months

7-12 months

more than one year

I find it difficult to answer

7. It is believed that the most common reason for entering into a civil marriage is an attempt to rehearse family relationships.

yes, the main thing is to check household compatibility

no, in a civil marriage the main thing is to check sexual compatibility

8. Your attitude towards civil marriage:

positive

rather positive

negative

rather negative

those whose desire to love and be loved exceeds their financial viability

everyone, regardless of financial status

10. Which of the following can be acquired in a civil marriage?

sexual and life experiences

the ability to respect the space of someone else's life

the ability to value one's own freedom

11. Is it possible for you to have a child in a civil marriage?

Maybe

impossible

I find it difficult to answer

12. Is marriage registration necessary in the event of the birth of a child?

13. Which of the following generally accepted rules of family life should be present between partners in a civil marriage?

woman is a housewife, man is a breadwinner

the budget must be general

not a step to the left

you need to please all your partner's relatives

my partner is my property

civil marriage is not burdened by social stereotypes

14. When should a civil marriage give way to a legal marriage?

when partners decide to have a child

when financial situation allows

when partners are convinced of the strength of the union

when partners have lived together for many years

15. In your opinion, what could be the reasons for not registering a marriage?

In a civil marriage, it is easier for partners to separate

obstacles from relatives

financial difficulties

avoidance of responsibility

partners are not sure of their feelings

16. Public opinion considers civil marriages too extravagant and frivolous. Which statement do you agree with?

a) it will be difficult for me if public opinion does not approve of my personal life

my life is my own business

17. What will you do if you are ready to enter into legal marriage, but your partner, from whom you are emotionally, sexually or financially dependent, categorically refuses?

the main thing is feelings, not formalities - we will live in a civil marriage

I'll make a scandal

I will suffer secretly

I'm breaking up with my partner

18. What disadvantages of civil marriage are important to you?

people in a civil marriage have no social status

people in civil marriages do not feel the relationship is serious

people do not have a sense of the inviolability of their position

this is a huge legal risk

My parents and my partner’s parents usually actively object to this form of marriage

civil marriage has no disadvantages

19. What point of view do you adhere to?

a) “a stamp is not a panacea for a happy life”

b) “happiness will only come from marriage”

Analytical section

Results of sociological research

15 second-year students of the Faculty of Economics, aged 18 to 20, took part in the survey. The respondents were divided equally by gender so that the survey results were as objective as possible.

1) The majority of students (69.2%) accept the modern interpretation of the term “civil marriage” as a family union not recognized by the church and state, the rest are inclined to the outdated concept of civil marriage: family relationships not sanctified by the sacrament of wedding.

2) 30.9% of students have a positive attitude towards civil marriage, 50% are rather positive, 3.8% each answered “negative” and “rather negative”, and 11.5% of respondents find it difficult to answer. Thus, the majority of respondents generally have a positive attitude towards civil marriage. And 73.1% consider this form of relationship acceptable for them.

3) Almost half of the respondents (46.1%) believe that civil marriages are not burdened by any social stereotypes about family life. Of the well-known stereotypes, the need for a joint budget was noted (30.8%). Regarding children in a civil marriage, 53.9% of respondents answered negatively.

Sociologists consider the most common reason for entering into a civil marriage to be an attempt to rehearse family relationships to test everyday compatibility, which mutual love and sexual attraction do not yet guarantee. The students surveyed showed almost absolute solidarity with this opinion (92.3%). Respondents say that a civil marriage will allow them to learn to respect the space of someone else's life (38.5%), appreciate their own freedom (15.4%) and gain invaluable sexual and everyday experience (46.1%).

4) The majority of respondents consider the reason for not registering a marriage to be the partners’ uncertainty about their feelings (34.6%), 27% of respondents will not register a marriage, because In a civil marriage, it is easier for partners to separate.

5) Among the disadvantages of a civil marriage are the lack of a sense of seriousness of the relationship (27%), the inviolability of one’s position (23.1%), as well as the lack of social status and the objections of the parents of the husband and wife (7.7% each). Legal risk worries 3.8% of respondents, while the majority of students (30.7%) believe that civil marriage has no disadvantages.

6) In the West, spouses are officially registered when they decide to have a child. 27% of surveyed students agree with this. Our respondents consider the moment when the partners are convinced of the strength of the union to be a kind of watershed between a civil marriage and a legal one (57.7%). And 11.5% of students consider it necessary to register a marriage if their financial situation allows. There were no answer options that a civil marriage should not give way to a legal one. Thus, young people still consider it necessary to officially register their relationship.

Conclusion

From the data given above, conclusions can be drawn and compared with hypotheses.

1) In hypothesis No. 1, it was assumed that students decipher the term “civil marriage” as a family relationship that is not recognized by the church and state. This hypothesis is confirmed from point No. 1 of the results of the sociological study. Modern youth also perceive the term “civil marriage” in a modern way (69.2%).

2) Hypothesis No. 2 assumed that students have a generally positive attitude towards civil marriage and consider this form of relationship acceptable for themselves. This hypothesis is confirmed from point No. 2. 30.9% have a positive attitude towards civil marriages, and 50% are rather positive, and 73.1% consider this form of relationship acceptable for themselves.

3) According to hypothesis No. 3, a conclusion is drawn on questionnaire questions No. 13, 11, 7 and 10. Based on the research data, the hypothesis is partially refuted. Only 30.8% of students surveyed believe that budget equality is necessary in civil marriages. The hypothesis assumed that this answer would receive a majority of votes. 53.9% of students do not plan to have children in a civil marriage, which is the majority of respondents. The third part of the hypothesis is fully confirmed, since it was assumed that in a civil marriage the main thing is to check household compatibility and 92.3% of respondents think so. And finally, the last part of the hypothesis is refuted, since a minority, namely 38.5% of the students surveyed, believe that a civil marriage will allow one to learn to respect the space of someone else’s life.

4) Hypothesis No. 4 assumed that financial difficulties are the reason why young people do not register marriage. This hypothesis is refuted, since for only 11.5% of young people financial difficulties will be the reason for not registering a marriage.

5) Hypothesis No. 5 assumed that 50% of the students surveyed believe that civil marriage has no disadvantages, 25% - that people in civil marriages do not have a sense of the seriousness of the relationship, and the remaining 25% - that there is no feeling of the inviolability of their position. This hypothesis was confirmed. As a result of the study, approximately the same figures were obtained. The majority believed that a civil marriage has no disadvantages, and in second place the disadvantage of a civil marriage was considered to be the lack of seriousness of the relationship and the inviolability of one’s position.

6) Hypothesis No. 6 assumed that 60% of respondents believe that a civil marriage should give way to a legal one when the partners are convinced of the strength of the union, 30% - when they decide to have a child, and 10% - when their financial situation allows. This hypothesis was confirmed.

The results of the study allow us to conclude: society’s attitude towards civil marriage is becoming more and more loyal. Young people consider civil marriage as a trial version of a marriage union.

It is assumed that when entering into marriage, partners undertake certain obligations towards each other. And, what is important, this is done before a significant authority - before God (in the church), before the law (in the registry office), and before people - “witnesses” (although now the participation of “witnesses” in the marriage ceremony is not mandatory). That’s why an unpretentious and calm “civil marriage” is so dear to people who are tired of obligations, or who are afraid of them for some unknown reason. Its advantages lie in the freedom of relationships. Such unions, not burdened by a stamp in the passport, are not burdened by social stereotypes about family life. Civil marriage is as open to experimentation and creativity as possible. Whereas often, in an official marriage, people tend to perceive the “other half” as their property. “In marriage, sincerity is often replaced by diplomacy, trust is replaced by manipulation, and feelings are replaced by habit.”

The social meaning and cultural status of unregistered unions is ambiguous. On the one hand, in the everyday sense they are not much different from registered marriages: the same commonality of bed, shelter, household, budget, leisure, often the same commonality of long-term life plans, large financial investments, common children. On the other hand, according to statistics, civil marriage is a very short-lived form of relationship (most such unions either break up within 3 to 5 years or “grow” into a registered marriage). And with all this, the opinion “a stamp is not a panacea for a happy life” is much more widespread than “happiness will only come from marriage.”

The work I did was very interesting to me. The data obtained as a result of sociological research practically coincide with my opinion.

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Introduction

The relevance of the work lies in the fact that family relationships and marriage have always been an important moment in people’s lives. Every person, one way or another, strives to start a family. In light of the problems of modern society and changes in value systems, the phenomenon of civil marriage has become widespread. The existence of this form of relationship gives rise to conflicting views and opinions, which indicates the relevance of the problem. As a result, I would like to study this problem in more detail.

The problem at work lies in the attitude of young people towards civil marriage.

The Westernization of the family lifestyle, widely promoted by the media, has led to some degradation of interpersonal relationships among young people and the rejection of established norms of social behavior. Based on materials from Denisenko M., Dalla Zuanna J-P., among young Russians today, sexual relations before marriage are the norm.

In recent years, there has been a tendency that de facto marriages are becoming a new stage in the family life cycle among young people, which immediately precedes a legally registered marriage. Scientists give the following explanation for these processes: in recent years, early psychophysiological development of young people has been observed; there are no special restrictions on the transmission of these ideas in the media; in most families there is a weakening of sexual control over adolescents; there are no social programs for sexual and family education and training for youth.

The subject of the study is youth.

The object of the study is the attitude of young people towards civil marriage

The purpose of the work is to consider young people and their attitude towards civil marriage.

Job objectives:

1) consider the main features of a civil marriage;

2) study the concept of “civil marriage”;

3) consider the pros and cons of civil marriage;

1 Main features of civil marriage

1.1 The concept of civil marriage

The concept of “civil marriage” appeared a long time ago - in those days when both registration with government bodies and a wedding in a church were mandatory (most often this happened on the same day: the newlyweds went first to the mayor’s office, then to the church). State registration (it was called a civil marriage) without the blessing of the priest was rare and was condemned by the public. And a wedding without an appropriate registration in the registry office is impossible these days just as it was in those days.

Of course, marriage is good. Few people argue with traditions. And yet, if you weigh the pros and cons, you can find good reasons to refrain from the generally accepted.

Sometimes those who do not want to get married do not refuse to start a family at all. But it is precisely this kind of family that causes surprise and misunderstanding. Two people live together. A year, two, three... The question from relatives and friends “when will you sign?” becomes as common as asking questions about health or the weather. And I also don’t want to answer it.

Having some experience of what is called the ugly word “cohabitation”, I often ask myself: what prevents us from officially uniting into a “unit of society”?

Not a drawn-out attempt to attract attention - that's for sure. And not the desire to challenge the supposedly dying institution of marriage (it will apparently die for many more centuries). I would like to think that what keeps us together is not the notorious stamp in the passport, but mutual obligations that come from within, from trying to be needed. In addition, it is scary to forget the feeling of “grooming”: we do not belong to each other, like property. Hence the caution, the fear of hurting someone by accident... It often happens: while the bride and groom are flowers, kisses, “my darling”, “my sweetheart”... Where does all this disappear with the appearance of a blue blotch in the passport? With Mendelssohn’s march, it’s as if some important mechanism jams, allowing you to see your loved one as the best person in the world. “Pre-family” advantages become familiar, and some of them even turn into disadvantages. And a new attitude arises towards your life partner - like furniture. You can kick it sometimes if it bothers you.

What we call “civil marriage” is called “de facto family” or “cohabitation” in legal language. Historically, the concept of “civil marriage” arose as an alternative to church marriage, that is, sanctified by the church. From the point of view of current legislation and the explanatory dictionary, a civil marriage is just an official marriage, registered with the state civil registry office (ZAGS). This is where the confusion arose. So, when we say “civil marriage,” we actually mean an actual family, cohabitation.

“Let’s live for our own pleasure,” the woman and the man decide and, bypassing the registry office, begin to live together under one roof. “If we like it, we’ll live,” they reason, “if we don’t like it, we’ll run away in no time.” And such a “marriage is not forever” becomes a kind of experimental testing ground where you can afford almost anything. The wife, in particular, should not iron her husband’s shirts and not try too hard in the kitchen, not adjust, not hold back, go on vacation with her beloved friend and generally live her own life, which legal spouses are often deprived of.

Indeed, a civil marriage with a loved one is good because it does not impose such serious obligations as an official one... And we are not just talking about obligations of a domestic nature. Knowing that you have the right to choose and can change your life at any moment gives you a certain psychological independence and a sense of inner freedom. But, by the way, not all “common-law spouses” use these wide possibilities of choice. As life shows, a civil marriage, just like an official one, blocks new relationships with other partners, because there is already someone to wait for you in the evenings, there is someone to take care of. It is not uncommon for couples who have decided to live with each other for some time to spend their entire lives together.

1.2 Pros and cons of civil marriage

A union is considered a civil marriage if the couple lives in the same territory and maintains a common household for a month.

In our country, many copies have been broken regarding civil marriages. Traditionally, society has condemned them. Under socialism, a person in a civil marriage could hardly count on a serious position. Now we have all become much more tolerant, just remember the Kursk governor Alexander Rutsky: he did not register his union with Irina Popova for several years, and this did not affect his political career in any way.

Civil marriage is not so much a psychological problem as a legal one. Something as small as a stamp in a passport protects the property and other rights of spouses and their children. If tomorrow your common-law husband gets hit by a car, you won’t even be able to keep his photograph: all jointly acquired property will go to official relatives.

From a legal point of view, civil marriage is a pointless risk. It's like getting to your office on the fifth floor through a drainpipe, because it's more interesting. If you love a person, you will inevitably want to provide him with financial security. If you do not want to enter into a legal marriage, then, obviously, you are not yet one hundred percent sure of your chosen one. Maybe you should look for a better partner?

dress rehearsal

So, in what cases is civil marriage an unconditional benefit?

The most common option is an informal union as a rehearsal for family relationships. You met an amazing person - don’t drag him straight to the registry office! It’s a good idea to live together for a while, find out if you can tolerate his snoring, and he can tolerate your habit of lying in the bathroom for an hour and a half in the evenings. Mutual love and sexual attraction do not guarantee everyday compatibility. It is likely that everyday habits will turn out to be so different that it will be easier to break up than to condemn yourself to family life.

Civil marriage is prescribed for young people: students, cadets, young professionals, yesterday's schoolchildren who have barely reached adulthood - everyone whose desire to love and be loved many times exceeds their financial viability. In a civil marriage, boys and girls will certainly gain invaluable experience, learn to respect the space of someone else's life and appreciate their own destiny. Such relationships are extremely common in the West (however, there people under thirty-five fall under the category of “young man”): they are much more profitable than early marriages, which for the most part break up after six or seven years.

Civil marriage can be a temporary form of personal life - for the period of study, a long business trip or internship. Such relationships very rarely turn into stable family ones - they are initially created as temporary ones, and a partner for them is selected according to completely different criteria than for a family. For example, for the period of study, a student can choose an excellent student or a shirtless guy, the most cheerful and sociable, as her close friends. It is clear that one should look for a husband not so much as an intellectual or a joker, but simply as an attentive, loving, affectionate, reliable person.

Civil marriage is sometimes chosen by people with an already established biography, for whom a change in marital status is associated with a break in their usual image. American singer Madonna appears in society with a new boyfriend every six months. For a shocking singer, who is also a millionaire, this is quite normal. After all, marriage would require her to radically change her image, and it remains to be seen how this would affect the business.

“New Russians” who are getting married for the second and third time also vote with both hands for civil marriage. All property (apartments, dachas, bank accounts, etc.) are already registered in the name of the first spouse. A new divorce is fraught with too much financial difficulties for entrepreneurs, so they are trying not to bring the situation to the point of another divorce - to a wedding. But children born in new informal marriages are nobly registered in their names.

The relationship that has developed after all these manipulations cannot be called cloudless: the man has to maneuver between his former (legal) and new (common-law) wives, one of whom is hurt by his betrayal, the other by his cowardice (does not want to marry her). Only very strong-willed people can withstand such a triangle.

Civil marriages have their psychological advantages. Unions that are not burdened by a stamp in the passport are not burdened by social stereotypes about family life - such, for example, as “a woman is a housewife, a man is a breadwinner”, “the budget should be shared”, “not a step to the left”, “you need to please to all relatives of the spouse." A civil marriage is maximally open to experimentation and creativity; husband and wife easily agree to other roles: she is the breadwinner, he is the housewife.

In an official marriage, on the contrary, people tend to perceive the “other half” as their property. As the American Ambrose Bierce said: “In marriage, sincerity is often replaced by diplomacy, trust is replaced by manipulation, and feelings are replaced by habit.”

How to calculate the time when a civil marriage should give way to a legal one? In the West, this divide is easily determined: spouses are officially registered when they decide to have a child.

Costs of Freedom

As you know, you have to pay for freedom. People in a civil marriage do not have a sense of the inviolability of their position or the seriousness of the relationship. They are also deprived of a certain social status. The parents of the husband and wife usually actively object to this form of marriage. So, if you want to go to your mother-in-law for pancakes, it is better to formalize the marriage with your daughter quite officially.

The main enemy of civil marriages is public opinion, which considers such experiments too extravagant and frivolous. To make a political career, you will not only have to get an official wife, but also be more strict about your informal personal life. As the sad experience of Clinton and Skuratov shows, the fact of adultery can easily be used by your enemies as a weapon of blackmail.

I repeat once again: unofficial family relationships are a huge legal risk. If something happens to one of the spouses, the other will instantly lose all real estate and property

Children also react painfully to the precarious status of parents, especially if someone in the yard or at school makes fun of them about this.

There is only one piece of advice here (if you do not want to become a legal husband and wife): teach your child to be proud that his family is not like others - this will not be the last situation in his life when it is important to value his differences, not his similarities.

Civil marriages become evil when one of the spouses (usually a woman) obeys the wishes of the partner against his will. She loves him and is afraid of losing him, but he uses her emotional, sexual, and possibly material dependence, leaving himself room for maneuver. He categorically refuses to marry, but she either plays along with him, claiming that the main thing is feelings, not formalities, or creates scandals, or suffers in secret. This precarious situation can last for years. Psychologically it is very traumatic.

Why is it important to study young people's beliefs about marriage? The evolution of marriage is most clearly visible among young people. Young people are the subject of social change; they have innovative potential and at the same time are at the age of marriage self-determination.

Information about the basic study Conducted in 2002 in the sector of sociology of family and gender relations. Sample: students from Moscow and Cheboksary, 500 people. 263 girls, 237 boys. 240 – Moscow, 260 – Cheboksary. Method: Questionnaire with open and semi-open questions.

Intentions regarding legal marriage, age of entry and necessary conditions 87% of girls and 82% of boys intend to get married in the future. Girls (58%) prefer to get married between the ages of 21 and 24; young people (60%) – from 25 to 29.

Preferences regarding a future spouse Nationality: the majority of respondents (61% of girls and 81% of boys) do not attach importance to it. Religion: Most (50% and 71%) would marry someone of a different religion. Level of education: Most people prefer to have the same level of education as their spouse.

Students' ideas about alternative forms of marriage* Sample: Students of Moscow universities of various specialties: 15 – 25 years old, 295 people. Students include such types of marriages as alternative forms of marriage, such as same-sex civil free group *Belinskaya E. P., Pernerovskaya E. S. Ideas of modern youth about the institution of family and marriage // Modern social psychology: theoretical approaches and applied research.

Student associations Related to traditional marriage: happiness love responsibility support respect children responsibilities wedding Related to alternative forms of marriage: childlessness strangeness selfishness unhappiness loneliness misunderstanding freedom irresponsibility

What prevents students from getting married*? 28.9% - socio-psychological problems (they believe that it is too early to start a family, there is a desire to devote more time to themselves, they do not consider this necessary, they are afraid of responsibility). 23.7% - interferes with getting an education, building a career 18.3% - have not met a person with whom they would like to connect their destiny 16.3% - economic problems (lack of housing and material resources) * Dolbik-Vorobey T.A. Student youth about the problems of marriage and fertility // Sociological Research S

Consequences of delaying marriage*: extramarital sexual relations leading to unwanted pregnancy, which often ends in abortion, increased cases of infertility, abandonment of born children, etc. family disorganization of students, which leads to a weakening of feelings of family duty, family traditions, attitudes marital and family fidelity. * Belinskaya E. P., Pernerovskaya E. S. Ideas of modern youth about the institution of family and marriage // Modern social psychology: theoretical approaches and applied research S

Conclusions Young people want a spouse younger than themselves, while girls prefer older spouses. The majority of boys and girls believe that in order to get married it is necessary to complete their education and have a housing and material base. Delaying marriage has many negative social consequences. Most students have a positive attitude towards traditional marriage and a negative attitude towards alternative forms of marriage. The planned age of marriage is lower for girls than for boys.

higher professional education

Introduction

2.1 Value orientations in the field of family and marriage relations

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