Russian language teacher I.N. Nadezhdina
MBOU Secondary School No. 7 Anapa
- summarize and systematize the material on the topic “Complex sentences and punctuation in them”;
- improve practical skills;
- repeat the studied spellings and punctograms;
- help students learn the grammatical and stylistic norms of using complex sentences in speech;
- preparation for the test;
- fostering a caring attitude towards language and native nature.
- Ecology -1) a branch of biology that studies the relationships between animals, plants, microorganisms and the environment;
- - What sentences are called complex?
- -What do BSC and SPP have in common, how do they differ?
- -How do BSPs differ from them and in what ways are they similar?
- 1)From the sentence Man is responsible for everything that happens on Earth take a noun that acts as a subject, put it in the Dative case ()
- 2) From the sentence We need to take care of our smaller brothers take compound predicate ()
- 3) Take the subject from the sentence Forests are gigantic oxygen laboratories using it in the Dative case with the preposition to ()
- 4) To the received offer
(A person needs to take care of his himself) add sentences, forming SSP, SPP and BSP.
- Execute parsing the resulting proposal.
Level 1
Write the sentences in your notebook and draw diagrams
Level 2
Using the diagrams written on the board, determine what kind of sentence it is.
1Forests are gigantic laboratories that produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust .
1 ., ( When)
2.
2 .[ ] , And .
3. .
3 .[ , ( Although), ]
4. .
CHECK YOURSELF!
4 . - .
Level 1
Level 2
1.Forests are gigantic laboratories that produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust .
, (which...)SPP with attributive clause.
1 ., ( when) –SPP
2. Places where forests have been destroyed are subject to severe erosion from melt water and rain.
[, (Where …), ]- SPP with a subordinate clause.
2.[ ] , And . -SSP
3. It is impossible to list all the disasters that the destruction of forests brings .
, (which...) - NGN with attributive clause.
3.[ , ( Although), ] - SPP
4. Anyone who has ever breathed the sun-warmed air of pine forests will remember the amazing state of joy and strength that engulfs us .
(To whom...), - SPP with an explanatory clause.
4.- . -BSP
1.a) Which are never forgotten.
b) Scientists have established.
b) There are countries in the world.
2.a) People realized their mistake.
b) Many of which are toxic.
CHECK YOURSELF!
Level 1 - select subordinate clauses for the first sentence, build a diagram:
Level 2 - construct complex sentences from these sentences and determine the type of subordinate clauses:
1.a) Which never
are not forgotten.
b) Which determine his behavior for a long time.
c) There are cases in every person’s life.
1.a) What is necessary to maintain ecological balance.
b) Scientists have established.
c) So that landscapes heavily transformed by humans occupy only a strictly defined proportion of the area.
Answer: c, a, b
,(which...), (which).- homogeneous subordination
Answer: b, a, c,
,(that...), (to...).- consistent submission
2.a) Where nature is brighter than our fields and meadows.
b) There are countries in the world.
c) But native beauty should become the most precious thing for our children.
2.a) People realized their mistake.
b) Many of which are toxic.
c) When more than a million chemical substances were discovered in the Volga.
Answer: b,a,c
, (where...), [but...] - complex with different types of communication
Answer: c, b, a
(When...), (of which...), .- sequential submission
- Write a miniature essay about ecology using key words, using SSP, SPP, BSP and sentences with different types of connections on the topic:
- "Ecological problem on planet Earth."
- “Conquer the planet or cooperate with it.”
- “How nature pays people for their ruthless attitude towards it.”
- Key words: love for nature, caring attitude, to preserve and increase, it is time to join forces, to contemplate.
- Dictionary:
- Ecology-1) a branch of biology that studies the relationships between animals, plants, microorganisms and the environment;
- 2) a section of sociology that examines the problems of relationships between man and the environment.
- Behold- consider, passively observe.
- 1. The time has come for everyone to realize that we live in an ozone dandelion.
- 2. The time has come for man to realize that our earth is a lonely heavenly flower, located at a favorable distance from the sun.
- 3.And we explode bombs in the dandelion!
- 4. We corrode its vulnerable shell, erase the pollen, brush away the delicate stamens of the forests.
- 5. Birds and animals, flowers and trees cry out to man: save, save, where you stand, where you live - at a distance of sight and voice, at least at arm's length.
- 6. And your personal active space, multiplied by millions, will become the protected space of the Fatherland, multiplied by billions protected by the space of the world.
- 7.We must protect nature: man needs it for his biological life.
- 8. The time has come to join forces so that the whole world can preserve the environment for its descendants.
- 9. Man is obliged to take care of the Earth: his future depends on it.
- PP - simple sentence
- IPP - complex sentence
- SSP - compound sentence
- BSP - non-union complex sentence
- SRVS - complex with different types of communication
- SSP-paragraph 5
- SOP paragraphs 6-9
- BSP paragraphs 10-12
- SRBC-paragraph 13
- Prepare a card for your neighbor for a test lesson with the following tasks:
- 1) insert the missing letters, add punctuation marks;
- 2) determine the style of the text;
- 3) determine the type of speech.
- It is desirable that the texts contain complex sentences and are about ecology and nature.
- We continue to prepare for an essay on this topic. When preparing the text, you can use a geography or social studies textbook.
Dear Colleagues!
In front of youTHEMATIC TESTS. TYPES OF CLAUSES IN COMPLEX SENTENCES. CLAUSE CLAUSES. 9TH GRADE.
Number of tests - 5 Test 1.Finding the syntactic characteristics of a given sentence. Test 2. Finding the name of the group of complex sentences to which this complex sentence belongs. Test 3-5. Finding a complex sentence with a subordinate clause among the proposed complex sentences with different types of subordinate clauses.
Such step-by-step passing of tests by students contributes to more effective development of the ability to distinguish between types of subordinate clauses. In each test we offer the following blocks:
- 10 testss questions
- answers
The following sources were used for practical material:
1.Yu.S.Pichugin, A.P.Eremeeva, A.Yu.Kupalov and others. Russian language. Practice. 9th grade. Bustard, 2005. 2.E.I.Nikitina. Russian speech. 8-9 grades Enlightenment, 1995. 3.L.M.Rybchenkova, V.L.Sklyarova. A collection of texts for conducting a written exam in the Russian language for a basic school course. 9th grade. Bustard, 2007. 4. Glebova E. Russian language. Textbook for 8-9 grades. DEKOM, Nizhny Novgorod, 1994. 5.E.D.Golovin. Our language is in questions and answers. Kirov, 2007. 6.S.N.Ikonnikov. Stylistics in the Russian language course (grades 7-8). Enlightenment, 1979. 7.Yu.S.Pichugin, A.P.Eremeeva, A.Yu.Kupalov and others. Collection of tasks and exercises in the Russian language. 9th grade Enlightenment, 1991. 8.M.T.Baranov. Methods of vocabulary and phraseology in Russian language lessons: a manual for teachers. Enlightenment, 1988. 9.T.P.Krestinskaya, S.V.Petrov. How to use the word. Teacher's manual. Enlightenment, 1968. 10.I.Ya.Klenitskaya. Collection of presentations. For students in grades 4-9. New school, 1997. 11.P.F.Ivchenkov. Educational presentations. 5-9 grades Teacher's manual. Enlightenment, 1993. 12.E.V.Yazovitsky. Speak correctly. A manual for students. Enlightenment, 1964. 13. S.V. Karpushin, E.S. Kovaleva, A.V. Terentyeva. A.S. Pushkin: the beginning of all beginnings. Life, creativity, era. Smolensk Rusich, 1999. 14.Literature and art. Universal encyclopedia for schoolchildren. Comp. A.A. Vorotnikov, Harvest LLP, 1995. 15.Russian writers. Biobibliographical dictionary. (1-2). Edited by P.A. Nikolaev. Enlightenment, 1990. 16. A.G. Glukhov and others. Our library. "Book", Moscow, 1969.
Please send feedback on the use of educational material, information about errors and shortcomings to:[email protected] _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEST 1
1
Youth is such a flawwhich passes every day. (V. Odoevsky).
1) simple 2) compound
2 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
In our Russian forests, perhaps, there is no tree more powerful and beautiful than the green oak. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
3 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
Politeness has its own laws that need to be known, and not rediscovered every time. (S. Mikhalkov).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
4 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
The main charm of the sea lay in some secret that it always keeps in its spaces. (V. Kataev).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
5 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
All languages strive for precision, and precision requires brevity and conciseness. (M. Gorky).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
6 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
One more day, another day, and the sap will awaken under the bark. (A. Tvardovsky).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
7 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
What is the difference between scientific knowledge and knowledge through poetic creativity? (V. Bryusov).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
8 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
I intended to go at dawn to the fortress gates, from where Marya Ivanovna was supposed to leave. (A. Pushkin).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
9 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
From time immemorial there has been a struggle between light and black, good and evil, joy and envy, love and hatred, selfishness and altruism. (Yu. Bondarev).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
10 Indicate the syntactic characteristics of the sentence.
It is impossible to list all the disasters that the destruction of forests brings. (A. Chekhov).
1) simple 2) compound 3) complex with subordinate attributive
ANSWERS. TEST 1. TEST 2 1
Kindness is the languagein which everyone will want to talk to you. (V. Rozov).
2
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
My creative attempts tied me so closely to literature that I could no longer part with my notebook and inkwell. (A. Pushkin).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
3
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
The two main centers around which the Irkutsk Decembrists grouped were the Trubetskoy and Volkonsky families. (I. Rabkina).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
4
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
I can say that since childhood I have been greedy for poetry. (A. Fet).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
5
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
I want the blizzard and bad weather not to cover the blue skies. (M. Svetlov).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
6
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
While making multi-colored glass, M.V. Lomonosov created a huge mosaic “Battle of Poltava”, which depicted Peter I during the famous battle with the Swedes.
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
7
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
Even if you walk around the entire forest, not a single wave will turn pink before your eyes. (V. Soloukhin).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
8
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
I grew up where my father and grandfather wandered timidly around other people's estates. (M. Isakovsky).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
9
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
Considering a people as a being of a spiritual order, we can call the language they speak their soul... (V. Kuchelbecker).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
10
Which group of complex sentences does this sentence belong to?
Alyosha extremely loved his father, whom he did not know throughout his childhood and adolescence. (F. Dostoevsky).
1) with a subordinate clause 2) with an explanatory clause 3) with a subordinate adverbial clause
ANSWERS. TEST 2.
1
1. Fighting will begin again, and the end of these fightsnot in sight. (E. Kazakevich). 2. In lexicology, independent words are studied from the point of view, first of all, of lexical meaning, as well as use and origin. 3. There was that fabulous silence, which comes with frost. (P. Pavlenko).
2 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.His military reforms will always stand next to Suvorov’s military victories, and many of Potemkin’s sayings will always stand next to Suvorov’s military aphorisms. (V. Pikul). 2. This is exactly what I need, someone who is not afraid of anyone. (P. Bazhov). 3. It is unlikely that I will ever see a river more virgin and mysterious than Pra. (K. Paustovsky).
3 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.The view that opens before a traveler who comes to the shore of Lake Baikal remains in the memory for a lifetime. (N. Mikhailov). 2. In their own way, the linden trees told me something, and I knew what, but I couldn’t find the words. (M. Prishvin). 3. The sea breathed noisily, every breath brought coolness. (Z. Voskresenskaya).
4 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. In the history of Russian science about the Russian language, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal became famous as a collector of words and stable combinations of words, who compiled the four-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”. 2.And the city that we will see again says goodbye to us. (A. Artyomov). 3. The wooden buildings of the North speak about the poetic, philosophical perception of life by Russian builders: beautiful mills near cold transparent rivers, chapels clinging to the shores of lakes, and carved pillars on graveyards, as if grown into stones. (According to S.V. Mikhalkov).
5 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. Many generations of Russian people, using the language, enriching and improving it, reflected in words, forms, phrases, sentences their history, poetry, and attitude to life and work. 2. A person who cannot walk spoils the road, and a person who cannot speak spoils his speech. (Last.). 3. There is no country in the world that can compare with our water resources. (According to V. Popova).
6 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. Synonyms are used to avoid unwanted repetitions of the same lexical units, to more clearly convey your thoughts and, finally, to give speech a variety of stylistic shades. 2. A word that reveals noble ideas forever deposits in a child’s heart grains of humanity, from which conscience is formed. (V. Sukhomlinsky). 3. This collection marked the beginning of the systematic collection of art treasures, but it was far from the first of those already available in Russia at that time and later partially included in the Hermitage. (L. Voronikhin).
7 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The earth does not give anything to a person without bowing: not bread, not a root, not a blade of grass. (I. Vasiliev). 2. There is no such complex thought and most complex human condition that could not be conveyed with complete clarity in Russian. (K. Paustovsky). 3. The pages and lines about forests, flowers and trees are perhaps the most perfect in Chekhov, and each of them is perceived as a natural phenomenon, as a special euphonious flowering of language. (M. Gromov).
8 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.Tell that fairy tale that your mother loved. (Yu. German). 2. While in exile in Mikhailovskoye, A.S. Pushkin recorded the dialect of Pskov peasants, admiring the accuracy and colorfulness of their words and expressions. 3. A.S. Pushkin was a very sociable person, he addressed his poems to many, but the most dear to him were the collective messages to his lyceum friends on the occasion of the anniversary of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum on October 19.
9 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The life of the people, their fate, even, perhaps, their mood - sometimes mischievous, sometimes solemn - is reflected in the names of streets and squares. (According to S. Mikhalkov). 2. You turn into the forest and seem to find yourself in another world: there is thick shadow from the treetops all around, the air is cooler and more humid, the loose soil is covered with fallen leaves or moss, the grasses do not form a thick turf, there are few flowering plants. 3. The source of knowledge of my early childhood was my memory... mainly my guesses, which ultimately recreated the following biography of my parents. (S. Zalygin).
10 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. While studying the Russian language and its development, delve into the essence of grammatical rules, reflect on the meanings of words, on their combinations, comprehend the essence of each sentence. 2.Knowledge of literature and love for it is the minimum that determines human culture. (S. Mikhalkov). 3. It remained a mystery to me: what is common between this passive, weak-willed, inactive, quiet person and the stormy, active Volodya, eager for tomorrow and forward? (L. Mayakovskaya).
ANSWERS. TEST 3. TEST 4
1 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.I walked along the alley, sliding over the spruce needles, which covered the ground by an inch. (A. Chekhov). 2. You don’t mind your efforts if they give such results. (N. Ostrovsky). 3. The ice on the river also became thinner and bluer, and in some places it had already moved, so it was dangerous to ski. (P. Pavlenko).
2 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. If the nights weren’t so moonlit, we could have swam to the other side of the Donets. (A. Fadeev). 2. The weather was cold and windy, so the snowdrifts were above the windows. (L. Tolstoy). 3. Gradually, people began to respect a man who spoke simply and boldly about everything. (M. Gorky).
3
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The forester's lodge was placed on stilts, so that there was free space between its floor and the ground. (A. Kuprin). 2. A friendship that cannot withstand the touch of the naked truth is not worth regretting. (D. Pisarev). 3. If the summer is rainy, then the luxurious vegetation of the steppe retains its freshness until the beginning of July and reaches magnificent sizes. (V. Aksakov).
4
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The snow became whiter and brighter, so it hurt my eyes. (M. Lermontov). 2. The Bering Strait resembled a large calm lake along which the leather kayaks of hunters scurried about. (T. Semushkin). 3. Where there had just been a hill, there was a deep hole. (N. Ostrovsky).
5
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The river along which we walked kept turning sharply, now to the right, now to the left. (V. Soloukhin). 2. Where juniper grows, black grouse usually stay in winter. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov). 3. The son approached his mother to talk to her, but did not say anything to her. (A. Platonov).
6
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. To do something great, you need to direct all the forces of your soul to one point. (L. Tolstoy). 2. Truth is the air without which you cannot breathe. (I. Turgenev). 3. Somewhere beyond the garden, timidly, where the viburnum blooms, a gentle girl in white sings a tender song. (S. Yesenin).
7
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. Let’s understand each other perfectly, so that, having made a mistake once, we won’t make a mistake again. (B. Okudzhava). 2. The monotonous noise of wheels and bells does not drown out the songs of the larks that hover near the road. (L. Tolstoy). 3. The family structure was so unfortunate for A.P. Chekhov that he had no opportunity to run, frolic, or play pranks. (According to A.I. Revyakin).
8
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the entire sky. (A. Pushkin). 2. I never delayed my route until dusk and stopped at a bivouac so that before dark I could put up tents and haul firewood for the night. (V. Arsenyev). 3. Matveev Meadow plays a big role in my memories because we spent many cheerful young days there. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak).
9
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. They sang so that you could not help but see in front of you a river, evening, haystacks and everything of the field, village, and inviting. (V. Likhonosov). 2.People began to live in neighboring communities because it became possible to cultivate plots of land with the help of one family. 3. I didn’t take my eyes off Father’s pen, which was moving quite slowly. (A. Pushkin).
10
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.The water in Lake Baikal is so transparent that individual stones and various objects are visible at a depth of 40 meters. 2.Mother listened with unflagging attention to the headman, who slowly and thoroughly reported to her the story of the whole day. (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin). 3. The Stroganov merchants helped organize Ermak’s expedition because they were interested in developing trade with the local population.
ANSWERS. TEST 4.
1 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. Many thousands of years ago, when primitive people lived in caves, they hunted wild animals and collected edible plants. (According to M. Andreeva). 2. Leo Tolstoy, who saw the dawn of Nekrasov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, having lived eighty-two years, already lived in an era when cinema and aviation appeared. (According to Yu. Olesha). 3. I love it when the pine tree makes noise. (F. Abramov).
2 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.When the room got a little warmer, I wrote down my observations of winter. (M. Prishvin). 2. We notice air when it begins to be scarce. (V. Soloukhin). 3. In the old days, when people searched for ore blindly, it took dozens of years to do so. (M. Ilyin).
3 Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. There was a time when people sat and carefully wrote out thick books for a long time in printed style, carefully with a quill pen. (B. Zhitkov). 2. Scientists have also found that pine nuts contain various substances that help maintain high human performance and improve blood composition. (V. Chivilikhin). 3. It turned out that the children were not to blame. (K. Fedin).
4
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. I don’t know where I learned tenderness. (Yu. Drunina). 2. Here is a clearing where, between two streams, I recently picked porcini mushrooms. (M. Prishvin). 3. From where the sun was, the lark’s song flowed. (A. Ivanov).
5
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. There are such unhappy days when the most trivial work does not go well and does not go well. (A. Kuprin). 2. Pavlik woke up when the sunny square of the window approached his eyes. (Yu. Nagibin). 3. It was as if there was no wind when the first huge clouds of snow began to fall from the peaks and swirl, rising higher and higher. (V. Kaverin).
6
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The river glitters and sparkles so much in the sun that it hurts your eyes. (I. Goncharov). 2. Sometimes such a day will arise that you will not be happy. (K. Paustovsky). 3. Maybe the song is to blame for the fact that I can’t sleep today? (Yu. Drunina).
7
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. It would be good for growing children to know that the ancient monasteries of Valaam, Solovki and Suzdal region served in the old days as military and cultural outposts of the Russian land. (L. Leonov). 2.Lying gloomily on the table is a letter that my mother sent me. (S. Yesenin). 3. We all imagined that starlings had arrived. (A. Chekhov).
8
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1.Where spring streams rushed, now there are streams of flowers everywhere. (M. Prishvin). 2. Five hundred girls studied at the school where my mother taught. (V. Inber). 3. I don’t know where the line is between a comrade and a friend. (A. Surkov).
9
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause. 1.
A word seems poetic to us when it conveys a concept that is filled with content for us. (K. Paustovsky). 2. I will return when our white garden spreads its branches like spring. (S. Yesenin). 3. The sun was already setting when I finally got out of the forest and saw a small village in front of me. (I. Turgenev).
10
Indicate a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The pine tree does not need any protection; it grows where no one can grow. (M. Prishvin). 2. I left my land long ago, where the meadows and thickets bloom. (S. Yesenin). 3. Nobody knows where and where the Urals begin. (E. Permyak).
ANSWERS TEST 5.
Stylistic functions of conjunctions and allied words
Conjunctions and allied words play a large semantic and stylistic role in complex phrases. They may have different stylistic characteristics.
1. Stylistically neutral conjunctions: what, so that, because, how, if
2. Conversational: connecting and adversative conjunction YES, dividing OR, NOT THAT, connecting conjunctions YES AND, AND THAT, NOT THAT: The elbow is close, but you won’t bite; union to , not at the beginning of a sentence: Your yard to to see again, we rejected the love of two Armenian princesses. ONCE (meaning If) Once you say it, do it; what (meaning How) People's rumor is that a sea wave
3. Books: due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in order to, for, truth.
4. Obsolete: if, until, as soon as, if, for now, in order, then, so that, therefore etc. Their use gives speech a colloquial character. Given the context, some of these unions acquire a clerical character ( if, so that, will).
Conjunctive words which and which can act as synonyms, so their interchangeability is possible. But they have different shades of meaning: which– introduces the general meaning of definition into the subordinate clause, and the word Which– an additional shade of likening, comparison, qualitative or quantitative emphasis: It is impossible to list all the disasters that come from the destruction of forests.
The stylistically motivated and grammatically accurate use of conjunctions makes speech clear and convincing.
We can talk about speech deficiencies only in those cases when the departure from the norms accepted in FL is not justified by the stylistic task.
1. Cluttering a complex sentence with subordinate clauses, when the connection between the parts of a complex whole is obscured, sometimes some constructive element or connecting link is missing, which makes it difficult to understand the sentence.
2. Variation in the parts of a complex prdl: The speaker put forward two points: 1) The promotion of scientific knowledge is becoming increasingly important; 2) the role of secondary school teachers in this work. The numbered parts, acting as a kind of homogeneous members of the sentence under the generalizing member of the sentence, have a different structure: the first part is a two-part prdl, the second is a one-part nominative.
Sometimes heterogeneity is associated with unequal word order in subordinate homogeneous subordinate clauses. Usually in these cases the same (direct or reverse) order of the main terms of the pdl is preserved, although this is not necessary: The achievements of the teaching staff include the fact that educational work is successfully carried out at the school, extracurricular activities are well organized, and student performance is increasing from year to year.(in the 2nd sentence, reverse word order is also needed).
3. Design displacement: The last thing I'll touch on is the issue of using quotes(in the main prdl with the subject last thing a compound nominal predicate, attached by means of the word THIS without an auxiliary verb, would have to be in the nominative case form): One last thing... this is a question about using quotes. The following case also applies to the displacement of structures: Anyone who needs advice needs to be provided with it. There is no objection to the interruption of the structure, which has the character of connection: Peace and friendship - we always welcome guests with these words.
4. Incorrect use of conjunctions and allied words, for example, the use of one conjunction or allied word instead of another: The issue was discussed at a special meeting, where a detailed decision was made.- there is no reason to replace the word which in a word Where.
The pleonastic use of conjunctions (placing unambiguous conjunctions side by side) is also incorrect: however nevertheless, but nevertheless however and so on: The newspaper insistently emphasized that it seems The US is currently in the midst of a major foreign policy controversy. Combination as if) occurs in cases where the explanatory meaning is complicated by a shade of modality: Zakhar pretended to take a step, but he remained in place.
Often an extra conjunction appears after an introductory word or sentence, which is mistakenly taken as part of the main sentence (predicate): Sometimes you meet strangers on the street whom you think you’ve already seen somewhere. A correlative word (demonstrative pronoun) may be superfluous here: We admired those stars that shone in the night sky.
5. Incorrect word order. It is often violated in subordinate clauses. So, the words are allied words which, whose, which replace the nearest antecedent noun. The horses of the Cossacks, which were covered with foam, rushed ahead. If it is impossible or impractical to replace a subordinate clause with a participial phrase or it is difficult to rearrange words, you can introduce an indicative word into the main sentence That or such, correlative to the conjunctive word which or Which, another technique is repetition of the defined word.
SHORT SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION
Pyotr Maksimovich left the Kremlin, went down to the Moscow River and walked along the embankment. He wanted to take a walk. He nodded to the driver, and the car moved carefully behind him.
The driver looked at the old professor and grinned - he, in the driver’s opinion, was an eccentric. Getting into the car on the way to the Kremlin, he immediately began to be indignant at the stuffiness, lowered the windows and created a draft. Neither the two terry carnations in a glass container attached near the door nor the electric lighter made any impression on him, although the professor was noticeably nervous and smoked two cigarettes on the way to the Kremlin.
The driver was offended. Everyone admired the car, but this old man just snorted as if he was being carried on a shaking car. Therefore, after thinking, the driver said:
This car is light and obedient, not like some stupid Buick.
What is this Buick of yours? - Pyotr Maksimovich asked angrily.
The driver grinned:
Such a brand.
“All these brands are the same,” the professor grumbled. - They poison the air. And they get on people’s nerves.
The driver turned around quickly. The car was parked in front of a closed traffic light.
“I don’t object to that,” said the driver. - I am a lover of fresh air myself. In my homeland, in the Kaluga region, the places are comfortable. It’s just that, in my opinion, it’s not entirely correct to argue the way you do.
Why so?
But because if you wish, I will deliver you to these places in two hours in my car. We'll pull off the highway, park the car under a birch tree, you open the door and - please! - pick strawberries right under the wheels. Convenience! And you will travel seven hours by train. Yes, even with a transfer.
The professor made a sound like a light chuckle, but remained silent. The driver, without waiting for an answer, rushed the car under an open traffic light. Squinting contemptuously, he rushed her to the Kremlin. There he deftly stopped the car almost at full speed, rustling with new tires.
While the professor was in the Kremlin, the driver calmed down and even took a nap. And now, sitting in the car, he looked, just like the professor, at the grayish haze that was falling over the city in the evening, at the strings of white lights, at the river trams driving smooth waves to the granite shores, at the distant greenery of the Lenin Mountains and multi-colored the lights of trolleybuses rushing along a long bridge. The windows in the car were rolled down, and gradually the smell of blooming linden trees began to penetrate into it.
Fine! - the driver sighed.
He wanted the professor to stand on the embankment longer. But the professor looked at his watch, hurriedly got into the car and ordered to go to the theater studio.
To the studio, to the studio! The driver didn't care. But it’s still strange: what relation could this learned old man have to the theater?
When the car drove into the studio courtyard, a girl in a dress flying in the wind rushed towards it. Her hair was copper-colored. She opened the door, helped the professor out, and they kissed.
The driver looked after them, pulled his cap over his eyes, scratched the back of his head, and sang quietly: “If I had golden mountains and rivers full of wine, I would give everything for these glances, for these sweet eyes...” Only after that he reluctantly left yard
Well, how is it in the Kremlin? - Anfisa asked excitedly.
Perfect! In general, your Kolya will have enough work to last a lifetime.
Anfisa laughed.
You are happy?
What a joy! - answered Pyotr Maksimovich. - I'm not happy - I'm happy.
In the studio lobby, the director was waiting for Pyotr Maksimovich - tall, gray-haired, with polite movements. He took Pyotr Maksimovich to his office, sat him down at a round table where there were vases with cakes and tangerines, and asked him to serve tea.
“I am extremely happy about this happy occasion,” said the director. “I learned from one of our students that you are in Moscow on important business, but still I dared to disturb you.
What a worry! - Pyotr Maksimovich objected. - Pure pleasure. You know, I can’t live without young people at all.
Yes? - the director asked and made admiring eyes. - This is amazing! I was afraid that you would be surprised by our request. Have you ever heard of this: a famous forester, the greatest expert on this matter in our country... - Pyotr Maksimovich fidgeted in his chair. - Forgive me, but I’m speaking completely frankly... a big-time scientist comes to us to talk with theater youth about forestry matters. I don't know if you were informed that we are working on Chekhov's Uncle Vanya?
Pyotr Maksimovich nodded.
The image of Doctor Astrov, with his love for the forest, with his idea of the ennobling influence of the forest on the human psyche, requires that the actors involved in this performance be familiar with the whole range of forestry issues. This is our method of training actors.
At this time, Tata Bazilevich brought two glasses of tea on a tray. Pyotr Maksimovich looked at her and was surprised: what kind of eyes does this girl have! They were full of such infectious joy that Pyotr Maksimovich began to smile. His slight irritation with the pompous director immediately passed. Tata, having put down the tray, bowed slightly, blushed and slipped out of the office.
“I have wonderful young people,” the director said in such a tone, as if all these boys and girls were to some extent his property.
I see, I see,” Pyotr Maksimovich muttered. - I'm glad.
Pyotr Maksimovich drank a glass of tea with pleasure.
From the open window a gentle evening breeze blew into his heated face. Yes, life is generally good! This is undeniable.
Pyotr Maksimovich was led into a long, gloomy hall. He walked up onto the stage. The studio members stood up in unison. Pyotr Maksimovich waved his hands at them, walked to the edge of the stage and began to speak.
First of all,” he said, “I would like to meet the young man who will play Doctor Astrov.
An embarrassed young man stood in the second row.
Have you been to our forests? - Pyotr Maksimovich asked him.
Yes, - answered the young man; His name was Zhenya Gorbachev. - But, of course, not enough.
So,” said Pyotr Maksimovich, “I can help you so that you can spend at least two months in a real protected forest.”
The young man flushed and smiled.
What about us? - Tata asked in a frightened whisper, but so that it could be heard throughout the entire hall.
I think you all could benefit from spending some time in these woods. But we'll talk about this later. For now, I can only say that the young man who will play Doctor Astrov must be his worthy descendant. He must love forests and well understand their importance in our lives. Therefore, I am going to tell you and him a few words about the forest as a powerful economic, biological and aesthetic factor. I'll start with the last one...
Chekhov, through the mouth of Doctor Astrov, expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts that forests teach a person to understand beauty. In the forests, the majestic beauty and power of nature, enhanced by a certain haze of mystery, appears before us with the greatest expressiveness. This gives them a special charm. Remember Pushkin’s: “the mysterious canopy of the forests”? I cannot keep silent about the fact that in the depths of our forests true pearls of our poetry were created, at least such as “The Friend of My Harsh Days...” or “The Forest Drops Its Scarlet Dress...”. Sorry for quoting only Pushkin: the poems of later poets were not retained in my memory with such clarity.
Forests are the greatest source of inspiration and health. These are gigantic laboratories. They produce oxygen and trap toxic gases and dust. Imagine that a dust hurricane hits the forests. Already a kilometer from the edge you will feel it only as streams of clean and fresh wind.
Each of you, of course, remembers the air after a thunderstorm. It is fragrant, fresh, full of ozone. So, an invisible and inaudible eternal thunderstorm seems to be raging in the forests and scattering streams of ozonized air across the earth.
I don’t know if you’ve heard that in big cities there are about forty thousand different bacteria in a cubic meter of air, but in forests there are only two hundred to three hundred, or even less, in every cubic meter. There you breathe air that is two hundred times cleaner and healthier than the air in cities. It is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure. Anyone who has experienced this for themselves, who knows how to breathe in sun-warmed pine forests, will remember, of course, the amazing state of seemingly unaccountable joy and strength that covers us as soon as we find ourselves in the forests from stuffy city houses.
But that's not the main point. The forest is our most faithful assistant in the struggle for the harvest. I have little time to tell in full about the enormous extent to which the forest contributes to increasing crop yields. It stores soil moisture, softens the climate, stops dry and hot winds, and with its green dams blocks the path of shifting sands - the scouts of the desert. It is a moisture condenser: dew, fog, frost. Rivers originate from forest swamps. And finally, groundwater in forests and near forests is much higher than in treeless areas.
Places where forests have been destroyed are subject to severe erosion from melt water and rain. A rather thin layer of fertile soil, as you, of course, know, is often washed away completely, and rivers carry it into the sea. And what the rains spared is then blown away by the wind. Sometimes hurricanes lift entire continents of fertile soil into the air and carry it thousands of kilometers away. These are the so-called dust, or black, storms.
It is impossible to list all the disasters that come from the destruction of forests. If you knew about them, then you probably wouldn’t even raise your hand to break a branch of a blooming linden tree for a bouquet.
In those places where forests are destroyed, the land becomes sick with infertility and dry ulcers of ravines. There is nothing more dismal than the sight of drying up dirty rivers, clearings, burnt areas, all these wastelands brought to life by the ignorance, carelessness and greed of man - those repulsive qualities instilled by the old society, which we brutally fight and successfully overcome.
Let me remind you of the prophetic words about the role of forests spoken by Engels:
“The people who in Mesopotamia, Greece, Asia Minor and other places uprooted forests in order to obtain arable land in this way, never dreamed that they thereby laid the foundation for the current desolation of these countries, depriving them, along with the forests, of centers of accumulation and moisture conservation."
“Today I was in the Kremlin,” said Pyotr Maksimovich after a pause. - Work on reforestation after the war was discussed there. During the war, our forests were lost on an area of almost twenty million hectares. In Belarus alone, the Nazis burned, cut down and turned five hundred thousand hectares of forest into wasteland. First of all, the Nazis destroyed excellent forests created by human labor, larch plantings in the Smolensk region and oak forests in Ukraine. In the Oryol region they cut down all the groves sung by our Turgenev.
We need to plant forests not only to restore the natural forces of the earth, but also for our economy. We need a lot of wood. In our national economy there are at least five thousand ways of using it.
That’s why we are now working on breeding fast-growing forests and on accelerating the growth and improving the quality of our usual trees: pine, aspen, poplar. I am sure that the famous problem of “overcoming time,” in other words, accelerating the growth of trees, will be solved by our scientists in the very near future.
We can be proud of the names of Dokuchaev, Timiryazev, Williams, the names of talented foresters - such as the late Vysotsky, and the woman forester Kolosova, who walked thousands of kilometers through forests, burnt areas and windfalls, exploring northern forest areas.
These are all devotees of forestry, great workers in the name of the future, in the name of the generations coming to replace us. The consciousness that all your work is a gift to the future, that you yourself will not always see its fruits, does not weaken their power. These people are devoid of vanity and therefore can be called true creators.
This was Doctor Astrov. Such was Chekhov himself. When he said that we would see the sky in diamonds, then perhaps he was thinking about the extraordinary brilliance of the stars in the purest air of the forest country. Who knows!
We move through times of construction and hard work towards a perfect life. Thinking about this, I imagine a man who, having made his way through the sands and burnt areas, after the sweltering heat, weather-beaten, burned by the sun, finally enters the depths of solemn and quiet forests, and his whole body is enveloped in the coolness of the foliage. The balsamic scents of forest flowers, herbs, pine needles and bark make fatigue disappear.
The great power of life is visible in everything: in the swaying of peaks, in the whistling of birds, in soft lighting. And in the evening, somewhere near the forest waters, a man sits down by a fire, and silence settles next to him. Stars, a hundred times brighter than above the dusty canopy of cities, light up in the sky.
When looking at them, a person begins to understand the greatness of the universe, begins to understand what well-deserved rest and peace of mind means. Night rises over the world, full of fresh smells, vague light, dew, and the cry of night birds. And there are hundreds of such nights, and dawns, and days, and evenings ahead, when either fog or the smoke of fires spreads over Russia. Maybe this is what Chekhov was thinking about. Don't know.
Let me end my short message with an old proverb that says that every person must grow at least one tree in his life, otherwise he is a dead man and a dry log...
The applause did not subside for a very long time, and for a long time the flushed boys and girls did not let go of Pyotr Maksimovich and asked him to tell him something more about the forests. If it weren’t for Anfisa, he would not have been able to leave soon. She took him by the arm and led him into the office.
The director thanked Pyotr Maksimovich for a long time, shook his hand, and Anfisa whispered:
I’m so happy for Kolya, Pyotr Maksimovich, if only you knew! What an amazing thing he chose!
When Pyotr Maksimovich went out into the yard, the driver in a heavy lacquered car had already returned and was waiting for him.
Pyotr Maksimovich put Anfisa, Tatu and Zhenya Gorbachov in the car, got in himself and ordered the driver to take everyone to the river station in Khimki.
The driver immediately pulled his cap back to his head, became cheerful and, showing off his dexterity and carelessness, rushed the car through the narrow streets until he emerged onto the Leningradskoye Highway. There he “showed the brand.” The car rushed like a torpedo, only occasionally squatting on the springs.
The river station was spacious and empty. It rained a little. The wet asphalt glistened. The garden smelled of thuja, the water smelled of oil, and frosted lanterns were burning on the open veranda of the restaurant.
The cloud, which shed a short rain, went south, and in the west the radiance of the summer dawn had already opened. A chain of river lights burned at this dawn. The sounds of an orchestra could be heard from afar: a pleasure boat must have been returning to Moscow.
What are they playing? - Tata asked.
Everyone listened. The orchestra played so far away that imperceptible air currents confused its sound, and one could only guess that the orchestra was playing a waltz. He circled over the groves near Moscow, gradually approaching, as if floating out of this wide dawn.
Pyotr Maksimovich ordered dinner, wine, tea and cakes.
When Zhenya Gorbachov poured wine into glasses, someone carefully touched Anfisa’s shoulder from behind. She quickly threw her head back.
Behind Anfisa stood Leontyev, thinner, calm, and, squinting, looked slyly at Anfisa.
She jumped up, hugged Leontyev’s neck with one hand, her braid fell, but without noticing this, she pressed her cheek tightly against Leontyev’s prickly cheek, as usual, and whispered:
My dear, how you scared me! Where are you from?
Pyotr Maksimovich hastily wiped his glasses to look at this strange man. Having wiped them off, he put them on, recognized Leontyev and said:
We just missed you.
Leontyev greeted everyone, sat down at the table, demanded more wine and said:
Straight from Berlin. Just demobilized. Throughout the war I dreamed of meeting you all. And so - you can believe that our old Earth is not without miracles - everything happened as I thought.
For some reason everyone fell silent. The orchestra became more audible, and it was as if the dawn was burning brighter.
The test is over,” said Leontyev. - Well! Let's drink to good people! And for the forests, of course!